User:ChinQuoc/Sandbox/Bahnar

{NoteTA |G1=Country |1=zh-cn:Bana; zh-tw:Bana; }

Barna family
Người Ba Na
Bahnar

Total population
227,716 people (2009)
Regions with significant populations
Vietnam	227,716 people (2009)
Religion
traditional beliefs, Christianity

Bana tribe (Vietnamese: Người Ba Na), the Bana tribe is a minority of Vietnam, with a population of about 227,716 people, distributed in central and southern Vietnam , The language used is Bana, Vietnamese is the second language, and most of the beliefs are traditional religions. Traditionally, it is a agricultural society dominated by maternal line, the main mode of production is andering farming, and the musical attainments are outstanding and unique. It is a minority in the name of music culture Nation.

Ethnic distribution, population and language

Bana ethnic distribution map

National Distribution

The Ba Na people mainly live in Gia Lai Province and Kon Song Province in the central highlands of Vietnam, and a small number of ethnic groups live in 平定省, Phu Yen Province.

Population

The Bana ethnic group is one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized in Vietnam. The population of its ethnic group was 174,456 in the 1999 census and 227,716 in 2009.

Language

The main language used is Bahnar, a traditional language, which belongs to South Asian LanguagesMeng Khmer LanguagesBarna Language Branch. It has nine vowels, as well as long vowels and Short vowel is a language under development. Vietnamese is the second language of the nation.

Geographical Environment

Location

Vietnam is located in the eastern part of the Indo-China Peninsula, bordered by Laos and Cambodia to the west, China to the north, and 南海 to the east. The central highland, the main residence of the Ba Na people, extends south from the Hengduan Mountains in China. It is the highest point in the southern Indochina Peninsula. Its strategic value is extremely high. It is the key to the entire Vietnam and southern Indochina Peninsula. The south-central coastal area between the Red River Delta in the north and the Mekong Delta in the south has a long and flat terrain, fertile and moist soil, suitable for growing rice.

Climate

The whole of Vietnam is located between Tropic of Cancer and Equator, belonging to Tropical Monsoon Climate, with an average annual humidity of up to 84%, with a lot of rainfall but mainly concentrated in summer, but it is significantly affected by latitude and topography The climate of each region is still quite different. In winter, the monsoon blows from the northeast along the coast of China, driving away a lot of moisture, making winter drier than the rainy season and summer. From May to October, the summer monsoon blows from the coast, bringing abundant rainfall to Vietnam. In the area where the Bana people live, the annual temperature difference in the central and southern coastal areas is extremely large, which can be as low as four or five degrees in winter and as high as nearly forty degrees in summer; while the temperature changes in the central highlands are relatively gentle, with temperature changes in winter and summer Not big, this is affected by the terrain.

History

Branch of the Barna tribe

There are also many small settlements with different names among the Bana tribe, but they all have a consensus on the origin of the ethnic group (that is, the Bana tribe), which enables them to have a more colorful culture. The Bana people call themselves Bahnar, which represents people living in the shallows of the small river. Other small settlements under the Bahnar people, such as To Lo, Go Lar, Krem, etc., are named according to the characteristics of their residential areas. , Even if there is no difference in customs and culture, they often have different names because of the differences in the characteristics of the place of residence.

Origin and History

The origin of the Bana tribe is not well documented. According to research, a group of people who originally lived on islands in the South Pacific entered Annan Mountains. Soon after, Indonesian residents also entered the area from the west. In order to compete for territory, they had disputes and small wars. Then, some people moved into the Central Highlands, and this group of people included the ancestors of the Bana tribe. Before the tenth century, the Bana people lived a closed and peaceful life with little contact with the outside world. Between 1150 and 1470, the Bana people and some ethnic groups living in the central highlands were nearly 300 years old. Under the rule of the Champa Empire. In 1471, 黎圣宗 broke through Champa and liberated the Ba Na tribe from the rule of 占婆. In the following centuries, the Bana tribe was more or less continuously influenced by Laos and Thailand. In 1771, the area inhabited by the Ba Na tribe was regarded as the first line of resistance against 阮朝 by the three brothers 阮岳, 阮礼 and 阮惠. Their actions were also Attracted many Bana people. From 1954 to 1975, many areas inhabited by the Bana tribe were influenced by the Vietnam War American forces and revolutionized. It was not until the end of the Vietnam War that the Ba Na and all ethnic minorities in Vietnam began to develop traditional culture and values ​​in order to build a better future.

Society, Family and Marriage

Bana Traditional Costume

Society

Even in modern times, we can still see the characteristics of Matrilineal Society remain in the Bana society, such as family relations, blood system, and marriage. Although the movement for equal rights between men and women is very popular nowadays, Bana Ethnic society is still more female-centered. For example, after marriage, the groom will stay in the wife’s home for a period of time, or even stay in the woman’s home. This shows that traditional habits prevail in their society. Modern concepts, and society has different social habits for people of different classes, such as the rich, the poor, and servants.

Marriage

The Bana ethnic group is monogamy. With the introduction of new concepts, it has become more and more common for men and women to move away from the place where they originally lived after getting married. Nowadays, many Bana people live in The woman’s house, and after some time they moved to another new house, which became a new element in society.

Traditional Education

The young people of the Bana ethnic group study in the local village communes, while the teachers are the older people in the village. The teaching content includes martial arts, work training, fighting skills, and the most important social values ​​and habits.

Industry and Life

Bana House

Production

The main type of agriculture of the Bana people is shifting farming. When the rainy season comes, they will burn the jungle near their homes and plant seeds of crops. Their main crop is Rice. According to their tradition, they didn't have water buffalo or fertilizer in the past, and they used their hands when harvesting rice. Today, many places like the Vietnamese have learned new technologies and processing, and converted their main crops into rice and cash crops. In addition to agriculture, the Bana people also engage in activities such as 牧业, handicrafts, hunting and collecting to trade with other tribes. Next to agriculture, animal husbandry is the second most important way of production for the Bana people. Products are obtained through herding cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, chickens and other animals, but because it is through grazing rather than collective breeding, so Productivity will be lower. Most of the products produced by animal husbandry are used for trading or ceremonial purposes, and are rarely used as their own food, let alone as fertilizer. The handicrafts that the Bana people are engaged in include weaving, weaving and smithing. Knitting is one of the skills that Bana men must learn. A man who can’t knit in a Bana can’t find a partner. Yes, the products woven by the Bana people are known for their durability and beauty. Their products include rice processing utensils, fishing tools and other utensils used in daily life. Weaving is a skill that all Bana women must learn. They use Indonesian looms to sew clothes and sew various patterns on the clothes. Similarly, their clothes are also known for their beauty and durability. In the past, every Bana village had one or two blacksmiths. Their main job was to repair weapons, farming tools, and daily utensils. Their status in the village was quite high, and their working hours were usually at the end of farming. One month later.

Trading Behavior

Since the Ba Na people usually live in the jungle and have little contact with the outside world, their trading ability is not very advanced. Bartering is their most common way of trading, with a very primitive measurement unit like the elbow. , Arms, arm spans, etc., to calculate the value of commodities, or directly exchange equivalent commodities, such as buffalo, pigs, etc. In traditional trading behavior, some of them act as intermediaries, but there are no merchants. Hunting and gathering is also one of the very important activities of the Banana people. The main weapons used in hunting are spears and crossbows. When hunting collectively, they will bring dogs as helpers. When hunting alone, they use traps and spears. Tools for hunting. Fishing and hunting can bring more food resources than hunting. The main tools used in fishing and hunting are fish baskets, fishing nets and fishing rods. On the way home from the end of farming, Bana women and children collect insects, vegetables, bamboo shoots, mushrooms and fruits.

Life

The Bana people like to establish villages in the open land beside the small river. In the general Bana villages, there is a public house in the middle of the village, which is the commune. Surrounding it are the houses of many families, and all houses are usually The faces are like rivers and the backs are like mountains. The barns are scattered in every corner of the village. In order to prevent the invasion of wild animals and the invasion of strangers, the area where the villagers live will be surrounded by bamboo fences. Immediately next to the village are the public water area and cemetery. Due to the sun setting, the cemetery is usually located to the west of the village, and the public water area has no special location. The houses of the Bana tribe are elevated buildings. The floor of the house is about half to two meters higher than the flat ground. The building materials are thatch, bamboo and leaves. Traditionally, only powerful large family houses have many cubicles for family members to use, but nowadays, three to four cubicle houses are very popular in all families. A house usually has four thatched roofs, a gate and two small doors. The small doors are decorated with a wooden v-shaped symbol, while the gates have wooden thresholds, and the doors are made of bamboo.

Faith and Customs

Faith and religion

Since ancient times and the outside world are relatively closed, the main beliefs of the Bana people are basically traditional beliefs, but with the introduction of Western culture, some people have converted to Christian.

Festivals and Music

For the spiritual life of the Bana people, the festival is one of the distinctive and indispensable public activities. Generally speaking, the festival is jointly attended by all villagers in a village and nearby villages, and this festival is usually accompanied by rituals to worship the gods. These rituals include animal sacrifices, musical instrument performances, etc. However, Bana festivals usually It is called a festival of buffalo slaughter or a gong playing festival. If you want to know more about the festivals of the Bana people, you must mention the music and musical instruments of the Bana people. The Bana people are a people who love music, and they also have extraordinary talents in music. It is very rich and diverse, mainly divided into four categories: String Musical Instruments, Wind Musical Instruments, Membrane Musical Instruments, Body Ming Musical Instruments. Stringed instruments are composed of pieces of bamboo connected to a dried gourd and many metal strings; wind instruments are played through the mouth or clapping hands; membranous instruments are two small drums connected on both sides of a large drum, and are played by the elders of the village. It is played during the ceremony; the body-ming instrument is sounded through percussion or wind and water.

Rituals and Festivals

The Bana people have many different festivals to pray for a good harvest: the opening ceremony of the commune, the celebration of victory, the sacrifice of the graves, the praying for rain, etc. These festivals are held from the twelfth to the fourth month of the local calendar. , Which is the leisure time before the harvest, and before the festival, men and women in the village will be assigned tasks. Strong men will go to the jungle to collect bamboo and vines, and young women will prepare rice, firewood and food. A family is responsible for providing rice, wine, chickens and pigs, while the buffalo used for ceremonies is usually donated by wealthy families. These festivals are held in communes. The rituals are usually performed in the morning. After the villagers slaughter the buffalo, they will put his liver, blood and head on the altar, and then the village elders will pray for peace, wealth and peace on behalf of the whole village. Prosperity, and the prayer prayer usually contains the name of God and what the village prays for. After the ceremony is over, the festival begins, which usually lasts into the evening, sometimes even the next day. In festivals, the gong performance is always the climax of the performance and will attract thousands of spectators. In the gong performance, there are four groups of dancing groups, two groups of men and two groups of women. During the performance, music players and dancers The performers will wear their best clothes, and all the performers will form a semicircle around the altar where the buffalo is slaughtered, and follow the rhythm of the gong, dancing from east to west.

Art and Literature

Music and Dance

As mentioned in the above part, the Ba Na people have a very diverse variety of musical instruments, and they also have extraordinary talents in music. Therefore, the Ba Na people’s traditional folk songs are also very rich, and the two most famous ones are called hmon and roi. Traditional dances are also very popular in the Bana society. Most dance performances appear on ceremonial occasions and seasonal festivals. The long poems and legends of the Ba Na people are quite unique, and these works are a very important part of Vietnam's cultural heritage.

Current situation

Current situation

The main place of residence of the Bana people is still in south-central Vietnam, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces. However, due to the development of transportation, there are more and more exchanges in various places. There are also some Bana people. Leaving the original place of residence to develop into the city. Also because of the introduction of modern technology and concepts, the Bana people only wear traditional costumes on special occasions such as weddings, sacrifices of graves, and buffalo slaughter and other traditional ceremonial occasions and festivals.

Famous People

• Dinh Nup, a hero who led the Bana tribe to defeat the French colonial power, his story is chronicled in a novel by Ruan Yu, "Đất nước đứng lên (The Rise of the Empire)".
• Ja Dok, the heroine, the wife of Emperor Ruan Yue, Taide Emperor of Xishan Dynasty.
• Siu Black, pop music singer.

Reference material

{Vietnamese Nationality}

Category:Vietnamese ethnic group