User:Ijxw33/Protected area
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Protection of ecosystem services
[edit]Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital ecosystem services, unbeknownst to human society.[1] Although biodiversity is usually the main reason for constructing protected areas, the protection of biodiversity also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys.[2] Some ecosystem services include those that provision, regulate, support, and represent culture.[3] Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and protection against disease.[4] Supporting ecosystem services include nutrient cycling, while cultural services are a source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage.[4] Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. Therefore, the implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body’s microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself.[5]
EDIT SUMMARY: Below, copied from Protected area.
By area
[edit]
Australia
[edit]The National Heritage List is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to Indigenous Australians.[6] Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form a specific class of protected area.[7][8][9]
European Union
[edit]
Natura 2000 is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated respectively under the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive. 787,767 km2 (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km2 (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of the EU land mass is designated.[10]
India
[edit]Protected areas of India include National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, reserved and protected forests, conservation and community reserves, communal forests, private protected areas and conservation areas.
Nicaragua
[edit]O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation is a private protected area, also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International.[11] O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor known as the Paso del Istmo, located along the 12-mile-wide isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.
United States
[edit]As of 31 January 2008[update], according to the United Nations Environment Programme, the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km2 (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States.[12] This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world.
Russia
[edit]On 21 May 2019, The Moscow Times cited a World Wildlife Fund report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas[13] with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data.
China
[edit]As an area known for a high level of biodiversity, China has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly 10,000 to 12,000 protected areas, 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster biodiversity conservation.[14][2][15] These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats.[16] Ultimately, these protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China’s land area.[17]
- ^ Benetti, Stefania; Langemeyer, Johannes. "Ecosystem services and justice of protected areas: the case of Circeo National Park, Italy". Ecosystems and People (Abingdon, England). 17 (1): 411–431. doi:10.1080/26395916.2021.1946155. ISSN 2639-5908. PMC 8315210. PMID 34382004.
- ^ a b Xu, Weihua; Xiao, Yi; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Wu; Zhang, Lu; Hull, Vanessa; Wang, Zhi; Zheng, Hua; Liu, Jianguo; Polasky, Stephen; Jiang, Ling (2017-02-14). "Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (7): 1601–1606. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620503114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5321011. PMID 28137858.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "Ecosystem Services". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ^ a b "More About Ecosystem Services". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ^ "Protecting ecosystems brings benefits to society". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ^ "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Section 324A". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ "Fact Sheets: Indigenous Protected Areas". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ "Department of the Environment and Energy". Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ Davidson, Helen (27 April 2018). "Indigenous rangers to receive $250m in funding for jobs until 2021". the Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ "Natura 2000 Barometer - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Account Suspended". opwr.org.
- ^ "Summary of protection by Country and Territory on the 31st January 2008". UNEP. World Database on Protected Areas. 31 January 2008. Archived from the original (XLS) on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
- ^ "Russia Has Most Protected Natural Areas in the World, WWF Says". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
- ^ Hayes, Shelley; Egli, Daniel (May 26, 2022). "Directory of Protected Areas in East Asia" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Is China stepping up its nature conservation?". China Dialogue. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ^ Bohorquez, John J.; Xue, Guifang; Frankstone, Timothy; Grima, Maria M.; Kleinhaus, Karine; Zhao, Yiyi; Pikitch, Ellen K. (2021-11-12). "China's little-known efforts to protect its marine ecosystems safeguard some habitats but omit others". Science Advances. 7 (46): eabj1569. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj1569. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 8589307. PMID 34767454.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Xu, Weihua; Pimm, Stuart L.; Du, Ao; Su, Yang; Fan, Xinyue; An, Li; Liu, Jianguo; Ouyang, Zhiyun (2019-09-01). "Transforming Protected Area Management in China". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 34 (9): 762–766. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.009. ISSN 0169-5347.