User:Longcake Higad/sandbox/Tranvia
| Tranvia | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tranvía de Filipinas | |||||||||||||||
| Operation | |||||||||||||||
| Locale | Metro Manila, Philippines | ||||||||||||||
| Open | 1886 | ||||||||||||||
| Close | 1945 | ||||||||||||||
| Status | Closed | ||||||||||||||
| Owner(s) | Compañia de los Tranvías de Filipinas →Meralco | ||||||||||||||
| Operator(s) | Compañia de los Tranvías de Filipinas →Meralco | ||||||||||||||
| Infrastructure | |||||||||||||||
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge | ||||||||||||||
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The tranvía was a defunct streetcar system that served Manila and its surrounding cities during the early years of the 20th century.[1]
History[edit]
Prior to the tranvia, modes of street transportation in Manila are mostly horse-drawn, consisting of the calesa, the lighter carromata, and the fancy caruaje.[2] The tranvia served as the first railway transport to run in the Philippines, as in its earliest years the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan are in its planning stages.[3][4]
Plans for a tramway system came from the Formularios para la reducion de los anteproyectos de ferrocarriles, the same decree in 1875 that sparked the planning for the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan. This was prepared by the Administracion de Obras Publicas to set construction conditions for potential railroad builders, from earlier railway regulations which utilizes animal power.[5]
Compañia de los Tranvías de Filipinas[edit]
The Spanish colonial government awarded two concessions for a tramway system, in 1881 and 1884. In 1885, a tramway company venture was initiated by Jacobo Zóbel y Zangroniz in line with Manila's growing populace. As of estimation, the line proved to be a commercial success, with a greater profit than wheeled traffic. For the consumers, the tramway provided a cheap, safe, and convenient means of transport within the city.[3]
Manila Electric, Rail, and Light Company[edit]
The United States established its governance in the Philippines in 1901. In the following year, a commission that called for franchise bids in operating a streetcar system alongside management of electricity was passed by five Americans and three Filipinos on October 20, 1902, known as Act No. 484. When Charles M. Swift won the bid for the Manila Electric Company franchise in March 24, 1903, he commissioned J. J. White for services in construction and engineering an electric tramway, and sometime in the following year, the Manila Electric Company acquired the Compañia de los Tranvías de Filipinas and the La Electricista.
In 1913, under Swift's other franchise of "Manila Suburban Railway", a 9.8 km (6.1 mi) extension line that ran from Paco to Fort Mckinley and Pasig began operation.[4] This franchise merged with the Manila Electric, Rail, and Light Company in 1919, when it was then shortened to the familiar branding, Meralco.[6] The tramway was then be powered by a steam power plant in Isla Provisora.[7]
On April 5, 1905, the tranvia was inaugurated. The tranvia was renowned as "state-of-the-art" in East Asia, and had provided efficient transport to the residents of Manila.[8] Although the terminology "streetcar" was favored by the American operators, locals still referred to the light railway as "tranvia".[4]
After the events of World War II and the Battle of Manila, the tranvia was left to a state of beyond economical repair. The tracks has since been dismantled, the remaining fleet scrapped, and the transport system within the metro shifted to automobile dependence and jeepneys.[1] Meralco has since been the sole electricity provider for Metro Manila and nearby provinces up to this date.[8]
Light Rail Transit Line 1[edit]
The contemporary LRT–1 has a right of way that closely follows the tranvia's right-of-way at Pasay going south. [4]
Rolling stock[edit]
Throughout its existence, the tranvia utilized trams that differed mainly on propulsion. Under Spanish ownership, the tramway was noted for its horse-drawn coaches (tranvia de sangre), and under American rule, Meralco replaced the need for animal power by electrifying the tramways.
Horse-drawn carriages[edit]
Towards the end of the 19th century, Manila saw wheeled traffic powered by horses. As the popular power for land-based transport at that time, the secretary wrote that the Spanish tramway company was plagued with eccentric problems, mostly concerning the horses that pull the light rail coaches.[3] Each tram can carry 12 seated and 8 standing passengers, resembling an omnibus.[4]
Steam-powered trams[edit]
Steam-powered trams run exclusively through the Malabon Line.[9]
Electrified trams[edit]
American ownership of the tramway under Meralco paved way for electrification, as the company also specializes on electricity distribution. The company designs and produces its own rolling stock in its workshops, and the maximum fleet of electricity-powered streetcars reached a total of 170 in 1924.[8] The streetcars utilize an overhead electrification system with a maximum of 500 volts.
Meralco also tinkered with trackless trolley buses, which subsequently replaced the streetcars plying Calle Santa Mesa between Rotonda and the San Juan Bridge.
Operations[edit]
The tramway system began operations in 1884, as an enterprise of Don Jacobo Zobel. Full operations were opened in 1889 under the Compañia de los Tranvías de Filipinas. The horse-drawn coaches and the signalling often results to confusion, mostly from wrong handling of the animals, the tram failing to stop, or that of the whistle used by the Guardia Sibil tends to be taken as a signal which are replaced with trumpets.[3] The tramway services four points which formed its lines: Intramuros, Malate, Sampaloc, Malacañan, and the accomplishment of the Tondo Line granted direct transport from Manila to Malabon and back via steam-powered coaches.[9]
Prior to succeeding conflicts, the tramway was an hourly service, in each direction. As the aftermath of the Filipino uprising and the American conquest, the tranvia was left in a poor state; in 1902, only ten horse-drawn cars service for a day.[7][4]
Ownership was passed under the Manila Electric, Rail, and Light Authority as Charles Swift won the bid for the streetcar operation. By the end of the year 1905, the system was inaugurated under Meralco's handling, and had around 63 km (39 mi) of light rail track. The streetcar system at that time connected Binondo, Escolta, San Nicolas, Tondo, Caloocan, Malabon, Quiapo, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, San Miguel, and other areas within Metro Manila.
The tramway system gained line extensions, such as a line that runs from Santa Ana to Pasig, adding 11.6 km (7.2 mi) of railway length. Larger streetcars of double-wheel trucks and closed sides are added to the fleet, complementing the demand. In 1920, a five-year reconstruction program was undertaken for the 15-year old tramway, where newer streetcars are designed and manufactured by the company workshops; by 1924, the fleet consists of around 170 cars.[8]
Complementing Meralco's transportation businesses, autobuses are added in services as a streetcar system expansion was deemed "not economically viable". In 1927, 20 autobuses were manufactured. When World War II began in 1941, the streetcar fleet was reduced from 170 to 109 as the bus fleet was expanded to 190. The war also became the major setback for Meralco for its transportation business, causing poor maintenance alongside the 1943 floods; the Battle of Manila saw the extensive destruction of the city of Manila and consequently, the streetcar system.[8][4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Lexis Nexis (1974). Mass Transit. PTN Pub. Co. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ Jose, Ricardo T. (August 25, 2018). "Planning Metro Manila's Mass Transit System". riles.upd.edu.ph. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Gonzalez, M. M. 1979.
- ^ a b c d e f g Satre, G. 1998.
- ^ Gonzalez, M. M. 1979, p. 24, 25.
- ^ "ELECTRICAL SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES; A 40,000 Horsepower Central Station Now Serves Manila and Suburbs. NEW PLAN BUILT IN 1905 Demand for Electric Lighting Grew Rapidly--6,000 Lamps in Streets Now. Pioneers on the Payroll. Nipa Hut Dwellers". New York Times. February 5, 1928. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
- ^ a b "100 Years of Meralco: Colonial Outpost". meralco.com.ph. Meralco. October 11, 2004. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "100 Years with Meralco". meralco.com.ph. Meralco. October 11, 2004. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas 1885.
<references> tag (see the help page).Further reading[edit]
- Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas (1885). Memoria y estatutos (Digitized book) (in Spanish). Madrid: Impr. de Fortanet. HE 3949 C65 A3.
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- Corpuz, Arturo (May 1989). Railroads and regional development in the Philippines: Views from the colonial iron horse, 1875–1935 (Thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
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- Satre, Gary L. (1998). The Metro Manila LRT System—A Historical Perspective (PDF) (Report). Japan Railway & Transport Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
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- Gonzalez, Michael Manuel (1979). The De Manila a Dagupan (PDF). Philippines: University of the Philippines Diliman.
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See also[edit]
- Meralco
- Philippine National Railways – the oldest extant railway system in the Philippines
- Corregidor – a fortified area within Cavite with a tramway system for military services
- Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar – a heritage resort that features a short tram system alongside recreated bahay na bato structures in Bataan
- Line 1 – light rail successor of the tranvia system
- Jeepney – mode of transport that replaced the streetcar system after World War II