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Nanking Mandarin (南京官話) emerged in the South Zhili province of Ming dynasty of China around 1368, the year Nanjing made the capital. It was one of the historical standards of Mandarin.

Nomenclature and Linguistic origin

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The native tongues of South Zhili province, where the capital Nanjing is located, consists, from north to south, Northern Mandarin, Southern Mandarin and Northern Wu. Through natural contact and mixing by speakers of different languages, a so-called koiné language emerged. Nanking Mandarin emerged as a result of the mixing of the Nanjing dialect (belongs to Lower Yangtze Mandarin, a major branch of Southern Mandarin) and the Luoyang dialect (belongs to Central Plains Mandarin, a major branch of Northern Mandarin[note 1]). Broadly speaking it is a compromise of Southern Mandarin and Northern Mandarin.[3] Earlier studies often attempt to prove it is either "largely a Nanjing dialect"[4][5] or "largely Luoyang dialect",[6] As both proves fall short, the idea that it is a koiné language become popular.[3]

History of being the standard

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Nanking Mandarin belongs to the Southern Mandarin variety, which distinguish from the Northern variety (in particular, the Beijing dialect) by retaining older features, most notably the retaining of checked tone[7] and the absence of Manchu loanwords.[8][9][10][11] Nanjing, along with the Hangzhou dialect in the earlier Southern Song dynasty,[12] are the two occasions when the Southern variety of Mandarin made its mark in the historical standards of Mandarin. The standard later shifted from Nanjing to Beijing as Qing dynasty made it the new capital. The Nanjing dialect in Ming dynasty and the Beijing dialect in Qing dynasty is collectively known as Imperial Mandarin.

Prestige status domestically and abroad

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Nanking Mandarin is well-known to foreigners at the time as the lingua franca among Imperial Chinese bureaucrats. Jesuit missionaries to China, most notably Matteo Ricci, is fluent in Nanking Mandarin. Standard Beijing Mandarin overtook Nanking Mandarin to be the prestige dialect among Imperial bureaucrats sometime between 1815 and 1867.

In 1815, Robert Morrison dismissed the Beijing dialect as "Tartar-Chinese dialect" and rejected it to be the phonological base of his newly written Dictionary of the Chinese Language (1815), yet he also remarked the Tartar-Chinese dialect is "now gradually gaining ground, and if the Dynasty continues long, will finally prevail".[13]

The change is reflected in 1867 when diplomat Thomas Francis Wade quoted missionary Joseph Edkins's observation that "the Nanking Mandarin is more widely understood than that of Peking... [But] the Peking dialect must be studied by those who would speak the language of the imperial court, and what is, when purified of its localisms, the accredited kuanhua of the empire."[14]

The search for its successor language

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In the southwest frontier

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Ming dynasty sent army expeditions to the southwest frontier of the Empire. These garrisons lived in fortress villages ("tunbao") and retained their languages, which are different to locals who arrived in the earlier Tang dynasty and Yuan dynasty.[15] It is therefore major research interests to explore the similarities between Nanking Mandarin and the descendants of these fortress villages, most notably Yunnan Mandarin in Yunnan[15][16] and Tunbao dialects in Guizhou,[17][16] both belonging to Southwestern Mandarin, a major subdivision of Southern Mandarin.

In Lower Yangtze

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As pointed out in #Nomenclature paragraph, Nanjing Mandarin barely survived to modern times in the province where Nanjing is located.city it named after. The first blow to the local Nanjing dialect came with the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s that led to massive population losses in Jiangnan region, including Nanjing. From then, the Nanjing dialect gradually lose its features. In 1913, the new Republic of China shifted the standard dialect back to Nanjing and rename it as

Old National Pronunciation, yet, the dwindling number of speakers of Nanking Mandarin outside Nanjing as a result of p

The major blow came from around 1990, when teachers across mainland China, including Nanjing, are penalized for using local varieties of Chinese as the medium of instruction. On school posters and government propaganda, students are told that any variety of Chinese other than Standard Beijing Mandarin are "uncivilized dialects". As a consequence, the mainland Chinese generation born after mid-1990s generally develops hostility towards learning or speaking their ancestor's or parents' mother tongue, of which, includes the Nanjing dialect.

Scope of speakers

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Before the advance of modern media to promote a language, "a standard could only influence a limited geographical area where a large population of speakers of the standard pronunciation was accessible".[18] The dialects of metropolises Beijing, Luoyang, and Nanjing served as the local standards in their respective areas.[18] As Jerry Norman stated, “Neither of these forms of bureaucratic Chinese was codified in any fashion; they simply developed as a natural response to the need for a practical medium to carry on the day-to-day business of the empire”. [19]

Notes

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  1. ^ Luoyang switched from Southern Mandarin to Northern Mandarin around AD 1200. According to Lü Shuxiang (1985), "In Northern Song dynasty, the dialects at the Central Plains are still in the southern variety [of Mandarin]; the predecessor of modern Northern Mandarin began as a tiny regional dialect near Yenching [soon renamed Khanbaliq, the capital of Yuan]".[1] Jerry Norman (1997 [2004]) elaborated further on Luoyang's history of Southern Mandarin.[2]

References

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  1. ^ 吕叔湘; 江蓝生 (1985). 近代汉语指示代词 [Demonstrative Pronoun in Modern Chinese]. 上海: 学林出版社. 北宋的时候，中原的方言还是属于南方系；现在的北系官话的前身只是燕京(大都)一带的一个小区域的方言
  2. ^ Norman, Jerry (1997). "Some Thoughts on the Early Development of Mandarin". In 余靄芹; 遠藤光暁 (eds.). 橋本萬太郎紀念中国語学論集. Tokyo: 内山書店. An online paywall version is available in Chinese translation, Norman, Jerry (2004). "關於官話方言早期發展的一些想法". 《方言》 (4). Translated by Mei, Tsu-Lin. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  3. ^ a b 曾晓渝 (2016). "明代南京官话性质考释" [A Textual Study on the Nature of Nanjing Mandarin in Ming Dynasty]. 语言科学. 15 (2). Archived from the original on 2020-11-07.
  4. ^ 鲁国尧 (2007). "研究明末清初官话基础方言的廿三年历程———"从字缝里看"到"从字面上看" [23 Years’ study on the basic dialect of the Mandarin of Ming and Qing Dynasty]. 语言科学 (2).
  5. ^ 张卫东 (2014). "论与南京话、明代官话历史相关的几个问题" [The discussion about the history of Nanjing Dialect and Mandarin in Ming Dynasty]. 中国语言学 (7).
  6. ^ 麦耘; 朱晓农 (2012). "南京方言不是明代官话的基础" [Refutation of Nanjing dialect as the base of standard speech in Ming Dynasty]. 语言科学 (4).
  7. ^ 钱曾怡 (2010). 汉语官话方言研究 (monograph) [A Study of Mandarin dialects (monograph)]. 济南: 齐鲁书社. p. 1-538.
  8. ^ 高杨 (2010). 东北方言中的满语借词 [Manchu loanwords in Chinese Northeast dialect] (Thesis). 广西师范学院. {{cite thesis}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  9. ^ 张嘉鼎 (1989). "北京现存满语杂记" [Miscellaneous notes on the existing Manchu loanwords in Beijing]. 满语研究 (2).
  10. ^ 许皓光; 刘延新 (1996). "汉语中的满语借词概述" [An Introduction to the Manchu loanwords in Chinese languages]. 满族研究 (1).
  11. ^ 季永海 (2006). "论汉语中的满语借词" [On the Manchu loanwords in Chinese languages]. 满语研究 (1).
  12. ^ Shen, Zhongwei (2020). A Phonological history of Chinese. p. 181-182.
  13. ^ Morrison, Robert (1815–1822). Dictionary of the Chinese Language, in Three Parts. Macao and London: The Honorable East India Company's Press. p. x.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link). As cited by Coblin, W. South (2000). "A Brief History of Mandarin". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 120 (4): 539-541.
  14. ^ Wade, Thomas Francis (1867). A Progressive Course Designed to assist the student of Colloquial Chinese as spoken in the Capital and the Metropolitan Department. London: Triibner & Co. p. vi.. As cited by Coblin, W. South (2000). "A Brief History of Mandarin". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 120 (4): 539-541.
  15. ^ a b 曾晓渝; 陈希 (2017). "云南官话的来源及历史层次" [The source and historical strata of Yunnan Mandarin dialects] (PDF). 中国语文 (2): 182-192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-07.
  16. ^ a b Zeng, Xiaoyu (June 2018). "A case study of dialect contact of early Mandarin". Lingua. 208: 31-43. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2018.03.004. An earlier version in Chinese by the same author, see 曾晓渝 (2013). "明代南直隶辖区官话方言考察分析". 古汉语研究 (4).
  17. ^ 邓彦 (2017). 贵州屯堡话与明代官话比较研究 (monograph). 南京师范大学出版社. p. 1-396.
  18. ^ a b Shen, Zhongwei (2020). A Phonological history of Chinese. p. 319-320.
  19. ^ Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 133.

Category:History of Nanjing Category:Mandarin Chinese Category:Old Mandarin Category:City colloquials

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