User:Ltwin/Sandbox 22
Composition
[edit]Sources
[edit]Not in article According to biblical scholars, the first chapter of Genesis was probably added to the Pentateuch late, possibly in the 6th century BCE.[1]
Structure
[edit]Mesopotamian influence
[edit]Alternative biblical accounts (Creation by word and creation by combat)
[edit]Not in article yet: Alternative creation accounts are provided in Proverbs 8:22–31 and Job 38–42.[2]
First narrative: Genesis 1:1–2:3
[edit]Background
[edit]Pre-creation: Genesis 1:1–2
[edit]Six days of Creation: Genesis 1:3–2:3
[edit]Removed from article but might still be useful God's first act was the creation of undifferentiated light; dark and light were then separated into night and day, their order (evening before morning) signifying that this was the liturgical day; and then the Sun, Moon and stars were created to mark the proper times for the festivals of the week and year. Only when this is done does God create man and woman and the means to sustain them (plants and animals).[3]
First day
[edit]Second day
[edit]Third day
[edit]Fourth day
[edit]Fifth day
[edit]On day five, God creates animals of the sea and air. In Genesis 1:20, the Hebrew term nepeš ḥayya ('living creatures') is first used. They are of higher status than all that has been created before this, and they receive God's blessing.[4]
The Hebrew word tannin (translated as "sea creatures" or "sea monsters") in Genesis 1:21 is used elsewhere in the Bible in reference to chaos-monsters named Rahab and Leviathan (Psalm 74:13, Isaiah 27:1 and 51:9). In Egyptian and Mesopotamian mythologies (Instruction of Merikare and Enuma Elish), the creator-god has to do battle with the sea-monsters before he can make heaven and earth. In Genesis, however, there is no hint of combat, and the tannin are simply creatures created by God. The Genesis account, therefore, is an explicit polemic against the mythologies of the ancient world.[5]
Sixth day
[edit]On day six, God creates land animals and humans. Like the animals of the sea and air, the land animals are designated nepeš ḥayya ('living creatures'). They are divided into three categories: domesticated animals (behema ), whild herd animals that serve as prey (remeś ), and wild predators (ḥayya ). The earth "brings forth" animals in the same way that it brought forth vegetation on day three.[6]
In Genesis 1:26, God says "Let us make man ..." This has given rise to several theories, of which the two most important are that "us" is majestic plural,[7] or that it reflects a setting in a divine council with God enthroned as king and proposing the creation of mankind to the lesser divine beings.[8]
The creation of mankind is the climax of the creation account and God's implied purpose for creating the world. Everything created up to this point was made for humanity's use.[2] Man was created in the "image of God". The meaning of this is unclear but suggestions include:[9]
- Having the spiritual qualities of God such as intellect, will, etc.;
- Having the physical form of God;
- A combination of these two;
- Being God's counterpart on Earth and able to enter into a relationship with him;
- Being God's representative or viceroy on Earth.
When in Genesis 1:26 God says "Let us make man", the Hebrew word used is adam; in this form it is a generic noun, "mankind", and does not imply that this creation is male. After this first mention the word always appears as ha-adam, "the man", but as Genesis 1:27 shows ("So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created He him; male and female created He them."), the word is still not exclusively male.[10]
God blesses humanity, commanding them to reproduce. He also commands mankind to "subdue" (kbš ) the earth and "rule" (rdh ) over it. This would include animal domestication and using natural resources.[11] God tells the animals and humans that he has given them "the green plants for food" – creation is to be vegetarian. Only later, after the Flood, is man given permission to eat flesh. The Priestly author of Genesis appears to look back to an ideal past in which mankind lived at peace both with itself and with the animal kingdom, and which could be re-achieved through a proper sacrificial life in harmony with God.[12]
Upon completion, God sees that "every thing that He had made ... was very good" (Genesis 1:31). This implies that the materials that existed before the Creation ("tohu wa-bohu," "darkness", "tehom") were not "very good". Israel Knohl hypothesized that the Priestly source set up this dichotomy to mitigate the problem of evil.[13]
Seventh day: divine rest
[edit]Second narrative: Genesis 2:4–2:25
[edit]The second creation narrative concerns the creation of man and his placement in the Garden of Eden. It concludes with the creation of woman.[14]
Man is made from a combination of elements: the dust of the ground and the breath of God. This teaches that human beings are connected to the earth and part of the created order, while also highlighting man's special relationship to God.[15]
Notes
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Hayes 2012, pp. 27–28.
- ^ a b Whybray 2001, p. 42.
- ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Whybray 2001, p. 43.
- ^ Walton 2003, p. 160.
- ^ Walton 2001, p. 127.
- ^ Davidson 1973, p. 24.
- ^ Levenson 2004, p. 14.
- ^ Kvam et al. 1999, p. 24.
- ^ Alter 2004, pp. 18–19, 21.
- ^ Walton 2001, p. 132.
- ^ Rogerson 1991, pp. 19ff.
- ^ Knohl 2003, p. 13.
- ^ Sarna 1966, p. 2.
- ^ Longman 2005, p. 78.
References
[edit]- Alter, Robert (1981). The Art of Biblical narrative. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00427-0.
- Alter, Robert (2004). The Five Books of Moses. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-33393-0.
- Andersen, Francis I. (1987). "On Reading Genesis 1–3". In O'Connor, Michael Patrick; Freedman, David Noel (eds.). Backgrounds for the Bible. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-30-0.
- Arnold, Bill T. (1998). Encountering the Book of Genesis: A Study of Its Content and Issues. Encountering Biblical Studies. Grand Rapids, Michigan, US: Baker Academic. ISBN 9781585585397.
- Aune, David E. (2003). "Cosmology". Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21917-8.
- Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth Publishing Company. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-495-39105-0.
- Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). Creation, Un-Creation, Re-Creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11. T&T Clarke International. ISBN 978-0-567-37287-1.
- Carr, David M. (1996). Reading the Fractures in Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22071-1.
- Collins, John J. (2018). Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed.). Minneapolis, US: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-5064-4598-4.
- Coogan, Michael D.; Chapman, Cynthia R. (2018). The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190608651.
- Cotter, David W (2003). Genesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5040-0.
- Cross, Frank Moore (1973). "The Priestly Work". Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Harvard University Press. p. 394. ISBN 0-674-09176-0.
- Davidson, Robert (1973). Genesis 1–11. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09760-4.
- Davies, G.I. (2001). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198755005.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6.
- Dolansky, Shawna (2016). "The Multiple Truths of Myths". Biblical Archaeology Review. 42 (1): 18, 60. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- Fishbane, Michael (2003). Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826733-9. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Galambush, Julie (2000). "Eve". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-9-0535-6503-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- Garr, John D. (2012). Coequal and Counterbalanced. Golden Key Press. ISBN 9780979451492.
- Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0567134394.
- Hamilton, Victor P (1990). The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (NICOT). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 540. ISBN 0-8028-2521-4.
- Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 10. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-3682-3.
- Hayes, Christine (2012). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300188271.
- Hugenberger, G.P. (1988). "Rib". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume 4. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Hutton, Jeremy (2007). "Isaiah 51:9–11 and the Rhetorical Appropriation and Subversion of Hostile Theologies". Journal of Biblical Literature. 126 (2). Society of Biblical Literature: 271–303. doi:10.2307/27638435. JSTOR 27638435.
- Hyers, Conrad (1984). The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-8042-0125-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Jacobs, Mignon R (2007). Gender, Power, and Persuasion: The Genesis Narratives and Contemporary Perspectives. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2706-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Kaiser, Christopher B. (1997). Creational Theology and the History of Physical Science. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10669-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Kissling, Paul (2004). Genesis, Volume 1. College Press. ISBN 978-0-89900-875-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Knight, Douglas A (1990). "Cosmology". In Watson E. Mills (ed.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Knohl, Israel (2003). The Divine Symphony: The Bible's Many Voices. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-1018-7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Kooij, Arie van der (2010). "The Story of Paradise in the Light of Mesopotamian Culture and Literature". In Dell, Katherine J; Davies, Graham; Koh, Yee Von (eds.). Genesis, Isaiah, and Psalms. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18231-8. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45238-7.
- Kutsko, John F. (2000). Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-041-5. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Indiana University Press. p. 515. ISBN 0-253-21271-5. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Lambert, W. G. (1965). "A New Look at the Babylonian Background of Genesis". The Journal of Theological Studies. Vol. 16, no. 2. pp. 287–300. JSTOR 23959032.
- Leeming, David A. (2004). "Biblical creation". The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515669-0. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- Leeming, David A.; Leeming, Margaret (2004). A Dictionary of Creation Myths. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510275-8. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-529751-5.
- Longman, Tremper (2005). How to Read Genesis. How to Read Series. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830875603.
- May, Gerhard (2004). Creatio Ex Nihilo (English trans. of 1994 ed.). T&T Clarke International. ISBN 978-0-567-08356-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- McDermott, John J. (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4082-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Nebe, Gottfried (2002). "Creation in Paul's Theology". In Hoffman, Yair; Reventlow, Henning Graf (eds.). Creation in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-567-57393-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Parrish, V. Steven (1990). "Creation". In Watson E. Mills (ed.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Propp, W.H. (1990). "Eden Sketches". In Propp, W.H.; Halpern, Baruch; Freedman, D.N. (eds.). The Hebrew Bible and its Interpreters. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-52-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Ruiten, Jacques T. A. G. M. (2000). Primaeval History Interpreted. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11658-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Rogerson, John William (1991). Genesis 1–11. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-08338-8.
- Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper; Duriez, Colin; Penney, Douglas; Reid, Daniel G., eds. (1998). "Cosmology". Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-6733-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Sarna, Nahum M. (1966). Understanding Genesis: Through Rabbinic Tradition and Modern Scholarship. The Heritage of Biblical Israel. Vol. 1. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America. ISBN 0873341775.
- Sarna, Nahum M. (1997). "The Mists of Time: Genesis I–II". In Feyerick, Ada (ed.). Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs. New York: New York University Press. p. 560. ISBN 0-8147-2668-2. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Seidman, Naomi (2010). "Translation". In Ronald Hendel (ed.). Reading Genesis: Ten Methods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51861-1. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Seeley, Paul H. (1991). "The Firmament and the Water Above: The Meaning of Raqia in Genesis 1:6–8" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal. 53. Westminster Theological Seminary: 227–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
- Seeley, Paul H. (1997). "The Geographical Meaning of 'Earth' and 'Seas' in Genesis 1:10" (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal. 59. Westminster Theological Seminary: 231–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
- Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-122-1. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Smith, Mark S. (Nov 2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts (New ed.). Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0-19-516768-6. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Soskice, Janet M. (2010). "Creatio ex nihilo: its Jewish and Christian foundations". In Burrell, David B.; Cogliati, Carlo; Soskice, Janet M.; Stoeger, William R. (eds.). Creation and the God of Abraham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49078-8. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (1964). Genesis. Doubleday.
- Spence, Lewis (2010) [1916]. Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria. Cosimo, Inc. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-61640-464-2.
- Stordalen, Terje (2000). Echoes of Eden. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-0854-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Thomas, Matthew A. (2011). These Are the Generations: Identity, Covenant and the Toledot Formula. T&T Clark (Continuum). ISBN 978-0-567-48764-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Thompson, J. A. (1980). Jeremiah. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 831. ISBN 0-8028-2530-3.
J.A Thompson Jeremiah.
- Turner, Laurence A. (2009). Genesis. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-906055-65-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, M. Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25652-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Van Seters, John (1992). Prologue to History: The Yahwist As Historian in Genesis. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22179-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Walsh, Jerome T. (2001). Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5897-0. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Waltke, Bruce (1991). "The Literary Genre of Genesis, Chapter One" (PDF). Crux. 27 (4). Westminster Theological Seminary. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2014.
- Walton, John H. (2001). The NIV Application Commentary: Genesis. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 9780310866206.
- Walton, John H. (2003). "Creation". In Alexander, T. Desdmond; Baker, David W. (eds.). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. IVP Bible Dictionary Series. InterVarsity Press. pp. 155–168. ISBN 978-0-8308-1781-8.
- Walton, John H. (2006). Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN 0-8010-2750-0. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Wenham, Gordon (2003a). Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Pentateuch. Exploring the Bible Series. Vol. 1. IVP Academic. p. 223.
- Wenham, Gordon (2003b). "Genesis". In Dunn, James Douglas Grant; Rogerson, J. John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Wenham, Gordon (1987). Genesis 1–15. Vol. 1 and 2. Texas: Word Books. ISBN 0-8499-0200-2.
- Whybray, R. N. (2001). "Genesis". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–66. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198755005.001.0001. ISBN 9780198755005.
- Wood, Ralpth C (1990). "Genre, Concept of". In Watson E. Mills (ed.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Wright, J. Edward (2002). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534849-1. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.