User:M-Khemist/sandbox

Week3 Tasks - Info for Dibutyltin diacetate

1.1

Properties of Dibutyltin diacetate

• Molecular Formula = (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₂Sn(OCOCH₃)₂
• Molar Mass = 351.03 g/mol
• Melting Point = 7-10 °C (lit.)
• Boiling Point = 142-145 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
• Solubility in water = No data available (insoluble)

1.2

Dibutyltin diacetate

1.3

Chemistry

1.4

Dibutyltin diacetate

1.5

Article(s) on Photosystem II

1. Redox-coupled substrate water reorganization in the active site of Photosystem II—The role of calcium in substrate water delivery.
2. Photosystem II repair in plant chloroplasts — Regulation, assisting proteins and shared components with photosystem II biogenesis.
3. Possible Role of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) in Water Oxidation by Photosystem II.

1.6 ?

Practice Uploading a PDB Structure Image

1.25 a resolution crystal structures of human oxyhemoglobin protein.

Critique of Carbonic Anhydrase Mechanism Figure

Various issues wrong with the mechanism:

• Reaction arrows too big
• Has red and black arrows without a clear legend
• Incorrect VSEPR shapes geometries
  • top right & left structures has a linear oxygen bond, should be bent due to lone pairs.
  • Reaction arrows in top right & left structures are unclear.
  • Bottom right structure is missing a positive charge on oxygen.
  • bottom right structure has linear carbonyl group.
• A mechanism should contain the reagents in free space and not above the reaction arrow
• Right top & bottom structures have inconsistencies around the carbonyl group

1.7

Table 1: H¹-NMR Solvent Residue Peaks (ppm)

Proton	Mult, J	CDCl3	D2O
Water	s	1.56	-
Acetone	s	2.17	2.22
DCM	s	5.30	-
DMSO	s	2.62	2.71

1.8

$K_{a}={\frac {[H_{2}O^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}$

1.9

Dibutyltin diacetate

Names
Other names Diacetoxydibutyltin
Identifiers
Properties
Chemical formula	(CH3CH2CH2CH2)2Sn(OCOCH3)2
Molar mass	351.03 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Density	1.32 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Melting point	7 - 10 °C
Boiling point	142 - 145 °C
Solubility in water	N/A
Hazards
Flash point	150.5 °C
Autoignition temperature	520 °C
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

2.0 ?

Practice Using History Pages, Talk pages, Article ratings and Watchlists

“Iron–sulfur cluster” article

• User Ninja Recs contributions were written in an essay style format, containing many non-factual and non-neutral point of view statements that were not supported by any reliable sources.
• Smokefoot first edit pointed out that Wikipedia is a compilation of facts and changed -3,296 bytes of information in the article to remove and fix unnecessary paragraphs. In a second edit, Smokefoot changed the article by -1,805 bytes of data, here further unnecessary information was removed. in my opinion, all Smokefoot edits were necessary. The edits removed unnecessary paragraphs of texted that were not factual, Smokefoot helped summarize the factual concepts and summarized Ninja Recs contributions into a condensed compilation of facts.

Wikipedia “Iron–sulfur cluster” article: Talk page discussion of Dec 4^th / 5^th 2018 edits:

• Hello, I hoping to contribute, my knowledge to this article by discussing the strength, covalency and electron transfer effects. Ninja Recs (talk) 01:00, 12 October 2018 (UTC)
  • You are writing at a level that indicates that your teacher is needed. Please ask your teacher to read some Wikipedia articles first. --Smokefoot (talk) 01:20, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

“Carbonic anhydrase” article

• The statistics say (-642), (-607), (-140) because Smokefoot edited the article, the number indicates the number amount of bytes of data the edit changed.. A positive number indicates more data has been added (the article got longer) and a negative number indicates data was removed (the article got shorter).
• The edit made by Smokefoot to Bilal.nhatti96 contribution was unnecessary. I believe the small change made to the introduction was unnecessary since the introduction before the edit gave a short, condensed and factual explanation of the history about where carbonic anhydrase was first discovered.
• In my opinion the paragraph added by Bilal.bhatti on Nov 28 2019 is not a good improvement to the article, the paragraph describes what a enzyme is and then talks about the different classes of carbonic anhydrase. First, the article is suppose to be about carbonic anhydrase and should not include the definition of an enzyme. Instead, when using the word enzyme an internal Wikipedia hyper-link to the enzyme article should be included. Secondly, sub-headings describing the different classes of carbonc anhydrase should have been included, rather than giving a very generic and quick definition of the different classes in the intro paragraph. Overall, the edit was unnecessary since most of the information added is already described in more detail throughout the article.
• The current version of the carbonic anhydrase article does not have the paragraph added by Bilal.bhatti.
• The "Talk" section of the “Carbonic anhydrase” article does not contain enough useful discussion about what is needed to be done to improve the carbonic anhydrase article. There are only conversations about minor issues with the articles wording and figures.. However, one major improvement that could be made to the article, that was not talked about in the "talk" section, is the addition of a improved mechanism diagram and also moving the diagram under the mechanism sub-heading.
• This article has been rated as C-Class on the quality scale.
• This article has not yet received a rating on the importance scale.

Medicinal Chemistry (Adding small statement about metals in medicine)

Original Text:

"Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are often divided into the broad classes of small organic molecules (e.g., atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidogrel) and "biologics" (infliximab, erythropoietin, insulin glargine), the latter of which are most often medicinal preparations of proteins (natural and recombinant antibodies, hormones etc.). Inorganic and organometallic compounds are also useful as drugs (e.g., lithium and platinum-based agents such as lithium carbonate and cisplatin as well as gallium)."

My Contribution (in italics):

Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are often divided into the broad classes of small organic molecules (e.g., atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidogrel) and "biologics" (infliximab, erythropoietin, insulin glargine), the latter of which are most often medicinal preparations of proteins (natural and recombinant antibodies, hormones etc.).

Medicines can also be inorganic and organometallic compounds, commonly referred to as metallodrugs (e.g., platinum, lithium and gallium-based agents such as cisplatin, lithium carbonate and gallium nitrate, respectfully). The discipline of Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry investigates the role of metals in medicine (metallotherapeutics), which involves the study and treatment of diseases and health conditions associated with inorganic metals in biological systems. There are several metallotherapeutics approved for the treatment of cancer (e.g., contain Pt, Ru, Gd, Ti, Ge, V, and Ga), antimicrobials (e.g., Ag, Cu, and Ru), diabetes (e.g., V and Cr), broad-spectrum antibiotic (e.g., Bi), bipolar disorder (e.g., Li). Other areas of study include: metallomics, genomics, proteomics, diagnostic agents (e.g., MRI: Gd, Mn; X-ray: Ba, I) and radiopharmaceuticals (e.g., ^99mTc for diagnostics, ¹⁸⁶Re for therapeutics).

Lobaplatin (New Wiki Page)

Lobaplatin

Clinical data
Routes of administration	IV Bolus Injections or Infusion
Identifiers
IUPAC name 1,2-diammino-methy lcyclobutane-platinum (II) lactate
CAS Number	135558-11-1
PubChem CID	10000860
DrugBank	DB13049
ChemSpider	8176441
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C9H18N2O3Pt
Molar mass	397.338 g/mol
Melting point	220 °C (428 °F)
Solubility in water	72.9 mg/mL (20 °C)

Lobaplatin is a platinum-based antineoplastic metallodrug approved exclusively in China for the treatment of small cell lung cancer, inoperable metastatic breast cancer and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. The drug is a third-generation analogue of cisplatin, the first globally approved and widely used platinum-based anticancer drug.

Pharmacodynamics studies of lobaplatin found greater anticancer activity and lower toxicity than cisplatin and carboplatin, and showed activity against cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. However, global approval of lobaplatin is restricted due to limited evidence of efficacy.

Chemical Structure

The structure of lobaplatin (1,2-diammino-methyl-cyclobutane-platinum (II) lactate) consists of a platinum(II) metal center coordinated to a bidentate amine ligand (1,2-bis(aminomethyl)cyclobutane) and a lactic acid leaving group. Lobaplatin is administered intravenously by bolus injection or infusion and composed of an approximate 50/50 mixture of two diastereoisomers, R,R,S- and S,S,S-configurations.

Mechanism Of Action

The mechanism of antineoplastic action for lobaplatin has not been studied in great detail. The results of current mechanistic studies suggest that lobaplatin is a DNA alkylating antineoplastic agent and has a similar platinum-induced cytotoxicity mechanism to other platin metallodrugs (i.e., cisplatin and oxaliplatin).

Lobaplatin acts as a pro-drug, it is hydrolyzed in the body forming an active form that is able to interact with DNA. Specifically, when lobaplatin is hydrolyzed the lactate ligand is protonated and dissociates as lactic acid, forming a charged and highly reactive platinum complex that coordinates with the N-donors of DNA bases and inhibits DNA synthesis. In its reactive (active) form, the platinum metal center is able to form DNA-adducts through inter- and intra-strand cross-links with two adjacent guanine-guanine (GG) or two guanine-adenine (GA) bases, inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth. Lobaplatin has been shown to affect the expression of the c-myc gene, which is associated with apoptosis and cell proliferation.

Toxicity & Side Effects

The toxicity of platinum-based drugs is highly dependent on how easily the leaving group(s) are hydrolyzed, leaving groups that easily dissociate are significantly more toxic than more stable leaving groups that don't easily disassociate. Due to the good stability of the lactic acid leaving group, lobaplatin is more stable and therefore less toxic than first and second generation platinum-based drugs.

The toxicity of lobaplatin is common across multiple clinical trials, 60mg/m² (body surface area) per 3-4 weeks is the maximum tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity is thrombocytopenia. Common side effects include agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, leukopenia, nausea and vomiting.

History

Lobaplatin was first synthesized and developed by ASTA Pharma in Germany in 1990 , under the research name D-19466. Discontinued development of lobaplatin by ASTA Pharma lead to further development of the drug by Zentaris AG (AEterna Laboratories). In 2003, Zentaris AG signed a contract with Hainan Tianwang International Pharmaceutical for the manufacturing and marketing of lobaplatin in China. In 2010, lobaplatin was approved for clinical use in china, according to China Food and Drug Administration.

Figures (Adding to cisplatin article)

2.60Å resolution crystal structure of Cisplatin (highlighted) intrastrand GG adducts with double-stranded DNA. Note: the hydrogens on amine ligands are not shown. (PDB: 1AIO)

Solution structure of Cisplatin (highlighted) interstrand GG adducts with double-stranded DNA. (PDB: 1DDP)