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What is Collaborative Writing

To understand what collaborative writing is, we must first understand the word collaboration. Collaboration is known as the sharing of labor, whether this be as a pair or in groups. Therefore collaborative writing refers to the co authorship of a writing piece.

Collaborative writing includes three necessary components to make the writing process work, which include:

• Interaction between participants throughout the entire writing process. Whether it be brainstorming, writing a draft of the project, or reviewing.
• Shared power among participants. Everyone included in the project has the power to make decisions and no group member is incharge of all the text produced.
• The collaborative production of one single and specific text.

During the collaborative writing process all participants are to have equal responsibilities. All sections of the text should be split up to ensure the work load is evenly displaced, all participants work together and interact throughout the writing process, everyone contributes to planning, making of ideas, making structure of text, editing, and the revision process. Often times collaborative writing is used in instances where a workload would be overwhelming for one person to produce. Therefore ownership of the text is from the group that produced it and not just one person.

Benefits of Collaborative Writing

Collaborative writing allows authors to combine their literacy tools and knowledge on a single project. Group writing is a social activity, and students who participated in group writing experiments felt it was a good learning exercise. The two parts of collaborative writing that researchers indicated were most influential were peer reviewing and brainstorming.  Students that chose to do group and independent writing in a gave feedback that group writers came away feeling like they had thought of something with their partners that they wouldn’t have on their own.

Peer reviewing made readers feel more connected to the writing, and authors were able to get specific feedback from their audience. Teachers who observed collaborative groups said that members were more receptive and willing to change for constructive criticism. Peer reviewing and brainstorming requires all parties to use critical thinking skills. Critical thinking skills in collaborative writing could be used in deciding on ideas, assigning what each person’s job is, and catering your writing to your audience.

Researchers who did grammatical tests on group writing versus independent writing in students found that even though the amount group authors wrote was less, they used more grammatically complex sentences and answered the prompt accurately. Independent writers tended to use extra information and repeat words. Although collaborative writing can take more time to write the same amount as an independent writer, group plans and simple task work can help time strains.

Attitudes in the academic world value co-authorship, and will often publish more collaboratively written articles more often than single-author articles. Respondents in the professional world surveyed that they felt collaborative writing improved their writing because of their collaborator's knowledge, and they were able to spend more time on article quality together.

Types of Collaborative Writing

Collaborative writing has been the subject of academic research and business for over two decades.^[5]

• Single Author writing or Collegial: one person is leading, they compile the group ideas and do the writing.
• Sequential writing: each person adds their task work then passes it on for the next person to edit freely.
• Horizontal Division writing: each person does one part of the whole project and then one member compiles it.
• Stratified Division writing: each person plays a role in the composition process of a project due to talents.
• Reactive writing: group all works on and writes the project at the same time, adjusting and commenting on everyone’s work.

As an Educational tool

Collaborative writing can be used by professors to teach writers of all ages and teach different educational levels. With collaborative writing, it helps provide participants to explore, discuss and help with learning capabilities. Collaborative writing corporate by contributing ideas with others. The quantity of learning and growth.In the past ten years most studies says that most students are motivated in collaborative writing because of their improvement in writing competencies. When Students work in groups, it generally produces shorter but better text, such as grammatical accuracy and fulfillment. It gave students ideas and giving information.

Basic Steps of Collaborative Writing

Before delving into the process of creating an article, it's beneficial to have a plan of action. This is where deciding group members comes to play, as well as most of the deadlines and scheduling. The first step is to find you group members. This can be done at random to ensure diversity within groups, or it can be based on who has similar schedules that work together. After the group has been made, then comes the organization. Without a schedule of deadlines and predetermined meetings, a collaborative writing project may go awry. The organization of the group can be set by a contract if necessary. Assigning roles is the last step to organizing the group. While assigning roles everyone should have a say in who gets assigned with what. This will be preventative in disagreements that may come along later in the writing process. Not one person should have all authority, and all participants will help in assigning certain tasks.

Brainstorming: group develops ideas together.

Converging: group commits to idea

Outlining: directing content/ organization

Drafting: initial text of a project

Review: someone else checks project for error

Revise: correcting errors

Copy Edit: final changes

Collaborative Writing in Classrooms

See also: Collaborative learning

Collaborative writing is used by educators to teach novice authors, of all ages and educational levels, to write.

A collaborative approach to demonstrate the basics of writing to children was developed in the 1980s and 1990s for use in early literacy programs.^[10] In what is called shared writing, a teacher acts as the scribe while children think aloud each sentence; this allows them to focus on generating ideas without the burden of writing. As the children become familiar with the writing process, they pass to interactive writing where they write under the guidance of the teacher.

More recently, shared and interactive writing approaches have been applied in adult literacy programs, doctoral research writing groups^[11] and academic co-authoring,^[8][12] especially when participants differ in status or experience (e.g. professors and students). It is also used as a didactic form of developmental editing in support of non-native English speaking scientists who need to write in English but at the same time are novice authors (in any language).^[13] In such cases, a writing mentor (e.g. a teacher of academic writing or an author's' editor) uses guided discussions (thinking aloud) to help the researchers express their ideas and organize them according to the research paper genre; the goal is to quickly train such novice researcher-authors to become independent writers.

Authorship[edit]

See also: Joint authorship

An author acquires a copyright if their work meets certain criteria. In the case of works created by one person, typically, the first owner of a copyright in that work is the person who created the work, i.e. the author. But, when more than one person creates the work in collaboration with one another, then a case of joint authorship can be made provided some criteria are met.

Tools for Collaborative Writing

• Atlas is a wiki-like git-managed authoring platform from O'Reilly Media^[1][2] that is based on the open source web-based Git repository manager (version control system) "GitLab".^[3]
• For collaborative code-writing mostly revision control systems like Team Foundation Version Control (used in Team Foundation Server) and Git (used in GitHub, Bitbucket, GitLab and CodePlex) are used in parallel writing.
• Collaborative real-time editors like Etherpad, Hackpad, GoogleDocs, Microsoft Office, and Authorea.^[4]
• Online platforms mainly focused on collaborative fiction that allow other users to continue a story's narrative such as Protagonize and Ficly.
• Wikis like Wikipedia, Wikia and TV Tropes.