User:Mr. Ibrahem/Rhabdomyolysis
| Rhabdomyolysis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Urine from a person with rhabdomyolysis showing the characteristic brown discoloration as a result of myoglobinuria | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Critical care medicine, nephrology |
| Symptoms | Muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, confusion, tea-colored urine, irregular heartbeat[3][4] |
| Complications | Kidney failure, high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, compartment syndrome[3] |
| Causes | Crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, drug abuse, certain infections[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood test (creatine kinase), urine test strip[3][5] |
| Treatment | Intravenous fluids, dialysis, hemofiltration[3][4] |
| Frequency | 26,000 per year (USA)[3] |
Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.[3] Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion.[3][4] There may be tea-colored urine or an irregular heartbeat.[3] Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure.[3]
The muscle damage is most often the result of a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or drug abuse.[3] Other causes include infections, electrical injury, heat stroke, prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb, or snake bites.[3] Some people have inherited muscle conditions that increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis.[3] The diagnosis is supported by a urine test strip which is positive for "blood" but the urine contains no red blood cells when examined with a microscope.[3] Blood tests show a creatine kinase greater than 1,000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5,000 U/L.[5]
The mainstay of treatment is large quantities of intravenous fluids.[3] Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases.[4][6] Once urine output is established sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used, but they are poorly supported by the evidence.[3][4] Outcomes are generally good if treated early.[3] Complications may include high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and compartment syndrome.[3]
Rhabdomyolysis occurs in about 26,000 people a year in the United States.[3] While the condition has been commented on throughout history, the first modern description was following an earthquake in 1908.[7] Important discoveries as to its mechanism were made during the Blitz of London in 1941.[7] It is a significant problem for those injured in earthquakes, and relief efforts for such disasters often include medical teams equipped to treat survivors with rhabdomyolysis.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ "Rhabdomyolysis". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ "Rhabdomyolysis". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sauret, JM; Marinides, G; Wang, GK (1 March 2002). "Rhabdomyolysis". American Family Physician. 65 (5): 907–12. PMID 11898964.
- ^ a b c d e Huerta-Alardín AL; Varon J; Marik PE (2005). "Bench-to-bedside review: rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians". Critical Care. 9 (2): 158–69. doi:10.1186/cc2978. PMC 1175909. PMID 15774072.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Chavez, LO; Leon, M; Einav, S; Varon, J (15 June 2016). "Beyond muscle destruction: a systematic review of rhabdomyolysis for clinical practice". Critical Care (London, England). 20 (1): 135. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1314-5. PMC 4908773. PMID 27301374.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Bosch X; Poch E; Grau JM (2009). "Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury". New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801327. PMID 19571284. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ a b c Vanholder R; Sever MS; Erek E; Lameire N (1 August 2000). "Rhabdomyolysis". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 11 (8): 1553–61. PMID 10906171.