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PachPachis/sandbox

Clockwise from top: Battle of Gettysburg, Union Captain John Tidball's artillery, Confederate prisoners, ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of Richmond, Virginia, Battle of Franklin.
DateApril 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865 (by proclamation)[1]
(4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days)
(Last shot fired June 22, 1865)
Location
Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean
Result

Union victory

Belligerents
 United States  Confederate States
Commanders and leaders

United States Abraham Lincoln †
United States Ulysses S. Grant
United States William T. Sherman
United States David Farragut
United States George B. McClellan
United States Henry Halleck
United States George Meade

and others

Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis  Surrendered
Confederate States of America Robert E. Lee Surrendered
Confederate States of America J.E. Johnston Surrendered
Confederate States of America G.T. Beauregard Surrendered
Confederate States of America A.S. Johnston †
Confederate States of America Braxton Bragg Surrendered

and others
Strength

2,200,000:[2]

698,000 (peak)[3][better source needed][4]

750,000–1,000,000:[2][5]

360,000 (peak)[3][6]
Casualties and losses

110,000+ killed in action/died of wounds
230,000+ accident/disease deaths[7][8]
25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons[3][7]

365,000+ total dead[9] 282,000+ wounded[8]
181,193 captured[3][better source needed][10]

Total: 828,000+ casualties

94,000+ killed in action/died of wounds[7]
26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons[8]

290,000+ total dead
137,000+ wounded
436,658 captured[3][better source needed][11]

Total: 864,000+ casualties
50,000 free civilians dead[12]
80,000+ slaves dead[13]
Total: 785,000–1,000,000+ dead[14][15]

Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Turkmen: Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow, Сапармырат Атайевич Ныязов; 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006) was a Turkmen politician who served as the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his retirement in 2006. He was First Secretary of the Turkmen Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and continued to lead Turkmenistan for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Turkmen media referred to him using the title "His Excellency Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers".[citation needed] His self-given title Türkmenbaşy, meaning Head of the Turkmen, referred to his position as the founder and president of the Association of Turkmens of the World.[16]

Foreign media criticized him for being one of the world's most totalitarian and repressive dictators, highlighting his reputation of imposing his personal eccentricities upon the country, which extended to renaming months for details of his own biography among other things.[17] Global Witness, a London-based human rights organization, reported that money under Niyazov's control and held overseas may be in excess of US$3 billion, of which between $1.8–$2.6 billion was supposedly situated in the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund at Deutsche Bank in Germany.[18]

Background

[edit]

Niyazov was born on 19 February 1940 in Gypjak (or Kipchak), just outside Ashgabat in the Turkmen SSR. He was a member of the influential Tekke tribe.[19] According to the official version of his biography, his father died in World War II fighting against Nazi Germany, while other sources contend that he dodged fighting and was therefore sentenced by a military court. The other members of his family were killed in a massive earthquake that leveled Ashgabat in 1948. His mother Gurbansoltan Eje was part of the Cult of personality later. He grew up in a Soviet orphanage before the state put him in the custody of a distant relative.[citation needed]

After finishing school in 1959, he worked as an instructor in the Turkmen trade-union exploratory committee. He then studied at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, where in 1967 he received a diploma as an electrical engineer. After graduating, he went to study in Russia, but was expelled a few years later for academic failure.[20]

In 1962 Niyazov started his political career, becoming a member of the Communist Party. He quickly rose through the ranks, becoming First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR in 1985. He gained this post after Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev had removed his predecessor, Muhammetnazar Gapurov, following a cotton-related scandal. Under Niyazov, the Turkmen Communist Party had a reputation as one of the most hardline and unreformed party organizations in the Soviet Union. On January 13, 1990, Niyazov became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR, the supreme legislative body in the republic. The post was equivalent to that of president.

Niyazov supported the Soviet coup attempt of 1991.[21] However, after the coup collapsed, he set about separating Turkmenistan from the dying Soviet Union. The Turkmen Supreme Soviet declared Turkmenistan independent and appointed Niyazov as the country's first president on October 27, 1991. On June 21, 1992 the Turkmenistani presidential election of 1992 saw Niyazov - the sole candidate - chosen as the country's first popularly elected president. A year later he declared himself Türkmenbaşy - "Leader of all Turkmen".

In 1994 a plebiscite extended Niyazov's term to 2002 so he could oversee a 10-year development plan. The official results showed that 99.9% of voters approved this proposal. On December 28, 1999, Parliament declared Niyazov President for Life; parliamentary elections had been held a few weeks earlier for which the president had hand-picked all candidates.

Niyazov and his Russian-Jewish wife, Muza, had a son (Murat) and a daughter (Irina).

Presidency

[edit]

Economy

[edit]

Oil and gas

[edit]

Agriculture

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 10, 1865. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  2. ^ a b Total number that served
  3. ^ a b c d e "Facts". National Park Service.
  4. ^ "Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War": Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army.
  5. ^ Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. p. 705.
  6. ^ "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.; Series 4 – Volume 2", United States. War Dept 1900.
  7. ^ a b c Fox, William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War (1889)
  8. ^ a b c Official DOD data
  9. ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999, p. 849.
  10. ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.
  11. ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference StatsWarCost was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Professor James Downs. "Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War". University of Connecticut, April 13th 2012. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths." 60,000 documented plus 'tens of thousands' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths.
  14. ^ Recounting the dead, Associate Professor J. David Hacker, "estimates, based on Census data, indicate that the [military] death toll was approximately 750,000, and may have been as high as 850,000"
  15. ^ Professor James Downs. "Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War". Oxford University Press, April 13th 2012. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, "New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll," reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ..."
  16. ^ "Turkmenistan Fact Sheet, Government & Politics-President". Embassy of Turkmenistan. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  17. ^ BBC News, "Turkmen go back to old calendar", 24 April 2008.
  18. ^ "It's a Gas: Funny Business in the Turkmen-Ukraine Gas Trade" (PDF). Global Witness Limited. April 2006. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  19. ^ Sabol 2010, p. 10.
  20. ^ Наследником Туркменбаши может стать следователь московской прокуратуры (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  21. ^ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at Encyclopedia Britannica
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