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Constantinian dynasty
Portrait		Monarch	Reign		Co-emperor	Description
1		Constantine I "the Great" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας Flavius Valerius Constantinus (272–337)	19 September 324	22 May 337	Position vacant	Son of Constantius, he was proclaimed Augustus of the West after his father's death on 306. He became its sole ruler after 312, and reunified the empire in 324 after defeating Licinius, his Eastern counterpart. A reformist, he consolidated Byzantium as the "New Rome", and played a crucial role in the Christianisation of the Roman world.
			12 years and 246 days
2		Constantius II Κωνστάντιος Flavius Julius Constantius (317–361)	22 May 337	3 November 361	Position vacant	Second surviving son of Constantine I, he was one of three Augusti proclaimed following his father's death in 337, before becoming its sole emperor by 353. His reign witnessed constant external warfare, while his religious policies would would lead to domestic conflict following his death.
			24 years and 166 days
3		Julian "the Apostate" Ἰουλιανός Flavius Claudius Julianus (331–363)	3 November 361	26 June 363	Position vacant	Cousin of Constantius II and Caesar of Gaul, his army proclaimed him as Augustus in 360, nearly resulting in civil war. As the last non-Christian Roman emperor, he tried to reverse Constantine's religious policies, but was mortally wounded in battle while embarking on an expedition against the Sasanian Empire.
			1 year and 236 days
Jovian interregnum
4		Jovian Ἰοβιανός Claudius Iovianus (331–364)	28 June 363	17 February 364	Position vacant	Senior officer of the Scholae, he was elected by the army as Augustus following Julian's death in Samarra. He resumed the Roman army's retreat in Mesopotamia but failed to cross the Tigris, forcing him to negotiate a humiliating treaty with the Sasanids. He died while returning to Constantinople.
			235 days
Valentinianic dynasty
5		Valentinian I "the Great" Οὐαλεντινιανός Flavus Valentinianus (321–375)	26 February 364	28 March 364	Position vacant	Tribunus militum of a scutarii regiment in Ancyra, he was elected as Augustus by the army following Jovian's death. On 28 March 364, he selected Valens, his younger brother, as Augustus of the East to prevent a succession crisis. He remained as Augustus of the West until 375, when he died of a fatal stroke.
			32 days
6		Valens Ουάλης Flavius Valens (328–378)	28 March 364	9 August 378	Position vacant	Appointed as tribunus stabulorum on 1 March 364, he was elevated to the rank of Augustus of the East on 28 March by Valens, his elder brother. Although unremarkable militarily, he was a capable administrator. Witnessing constant crises throughout his reign, he was killed in a shock defeat against the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople.
			14 years and 135 days
7		Gratian Γρατιανός Flavius Gratianus (359–383)	9 August 378	19 January 379	Position vacant
			164 days

References

Bibliography

Websites

• Lenski, Noel (3 December 1997b). "Valens (364-378 A.D)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 16 January 2023.

Translations of ancient sources

• Eutropius (1886) [364–378]. "XIII". Historiae Romanae Breviarium [Abridgment of Roman History] (in Latin). Vol. 10. Translated by Watson, John Selby. London: George Bell and Sons. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
• Marcellinus, Ammianus (1940) [c. 391]. "Book 26.3: Valentinian appoints his brother Valens tribune of the stable at Nicomedia; then in the Hebdomum at Constantinople, with the consent of the army, he takes him as colleague in the imperial power.". Ammianus Marcellinus Roman Antiquities [The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus]. Loeb Classical Library 315. Vol. 2. Translated by Rolfe, John Carew. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Zosimus (1814) [518]. "Death of Constantine". In Davis, J. (ed.). Ἱστορία Νέα [New History] (in Ancient Greek). Vol. 2. London: W. Green and T. Chaplin. Retrieved 15 January 2023.

Other sources

• Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
• Brown, Peter (1989) [1971]. "The conversion of Christianity, 300–363". The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150-750. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393958034. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
• Cohen, Sidney J. (1915). "Julian the Apostate". The Sewanee Review. 23 (1): 14–35. ISSN 0037-3052. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via JSTOR.
• Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425. Vol. XIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110. ISBN 978-0521302005.
• Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
• Jones, Arnold Hughs Martin (1964). "Chapter V: From Jovian to Theodosius I". The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell and Mott Ltd. ISBN 9780801832857.
• Lascaratos, John; Voros, Dionysios (June 2000). "Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 a.d.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery". World Journal of Surgery. 24 (5): 615–619. doi:10.1007/s002689910100. ISSN 0364-2313. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via ResearchGate.
• Lenski, Noel (1997a). "Initium mali Romano imperio: Contemporary Reactions to the Battle of Adrianople". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 127: 129–168. doi:10.2307/284390. ISSN 0360-5949 – via JSTOR.
• Lenski, Noel (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520-23332-4.
• MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6.
• Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198816256.
• Potter, David Stone (2004). "The struggle for control: 355–66". The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (1st ed.). United States; Canada: Routledge. ISBN 0415100585. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
• Tomlin, R. S. O. (1979). "Ammianus Marcellinus 26.4.5-6". The Classical Quarterly. 29 (2): 470–478. ISSN 0009-8388. Retrieved 16 January 2023 – via JSTOR.
• Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804726306.