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List of Netherlands sites

The following 19 sites/clusters fall within the modern jurisdiction of Netherlands. They are principally located on the Rhine/Maas delta, characterised by flat alluvial plains. Waterlogged conditions have resulted in extremely good preservation of buried timber structures as well as ephemeral items buried in rubbish dumps.

Locations listed for the UNESCO World Heritage List: Lower Germanic Limes - part 1: Netherlands

Site	Roman Name	Modern-day Location	Feature	Coordinates	Occupation time period	Investigated
1	possibly Pretorium Agrippine	Valkenburg-Centrum	Auxilliary fort. The list notes 4 excavated areas within the fort and adds a larger 'buffer zone' covering the whole fort and areas towards the vicus	52°10′48″N 4°25′59″E	AD 40 to late 3rd century	1946-51 plus 1962-80
2		Valkenburg-De Woerd	Military vicus (civil settlement, although this is a puzzling 1km away from the fort)	52°10′19″N 4°26′17″E	AD 50 to 250	1920s, 40s, 1972, 2019
3	Forum Hadriani, also known as Municipium Aelium Cananefatium (MAEC)	Voorburg-Arentsburg	Civil settlement in the Rhine-Meuse delta, with harbour frontage to access Corbulo's Canal	52°3′36″N 4°21′0″E	cAD 15 origins. Expansion under Hadrian (2nd century). Occupied to at least 400	1827-34, 1908-15, 1984-88, 2005-08.
4	Fossa Corbulonis (Corbulo's canal)	Voorschoten and Leidschendam-Voorburg	Canal linking the Meuse and Rhine rivers, constructed by Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, some 34 kilometres (21 miles) in length. (Six protected sections over an 11km stretch between properties 3 and 5)	52°6′18″N 4°25′44″E	AD 47 - 50	1989 onwards.
5	Matilo	Leiden-Roomburg	Auxiliary Fort and civil settlement where Corbulo's Canal meets the Rhine	52°9′0″N 4°31′1″E	AD 70 (or before); 103/111; 200	1962 (channel); 1994–1997 (vicus); 1999, 2009 (stone fort).
6	Laurium (fort)	Woerden-Centrum	Auxiliary fort, largely undisturbed beneath the modern town. Delta conditions mean well-preserved timbers have survived	52°5′10″N 4°53′2″E	AD 39 (timber), 150 (stone) to 275	1975 onwards
7		Utrecht	2.5km section of the Limes road (a via militaris which ran along the left bank of the lower Rhine). It includes 3 sites with well preserved timbers of watchtowers, river revetments and sunken ships. Two rebuilding phases followed personal inspections by Trajan and Hadrian	52°5′10″N 5°0′29″E	cAD 85 (refurbished 99+ and 123+)	2000 onwards
8	possibly Fletio	Utrecht-Hoge Woerd	Auxiliary fort with associated settlement, bath house, cemeteries, and rubbish dumps	52°5′10″N 5°2′31″E	AD 40s to at least late 3rd century	1940s onwards
9		Utrecht-Groot Zandveld	Watchtower, some 3m (10ft) square, on a low hill with views of the former river channels	52°5′42″N 5°3′4″E	AD 40 to 70	1999, 2003, 2005
10	Traiectum	Utrecht-Domplein	Auxiliary fort, now under the town centre with some standing remains. The Roman military settlement became a major medieval town.	52°5′28″N 5°7′19″E	AD 40 to 3rd century	1929, 1933-49
11	Fectio	Bunnik-Vechten	Auxiliary fort with associated settlement, Limes road, quays, cemeteries, and rubbish sites	52°3′29″N 5°9′58″E	5 BC to 3rd century AD	1892-4 and 1st half of the 20th century
12	possibly Castra Herculis	Arnhem-Meinerswijk	Auxiliary fort and settlement, partly eroded by the shifting Rhine channel. Some of the fort now has reconstructed wall-lines	51°58′16″N 5°52′26″E	AD 10 to 3rd century	1979, 1991-2
13		Elst-Grote Kerk	Roman Temple, built on a pre-Roman sacred site and now occupied by a 15th century church	51°55′12″N 5°50′56″E	AD 50, rebuilt 100	1947
14	Oppidum Batavorum	Nijmegen-Valkhof area	Early Roman town (oppidum), capital of the Batavi. Also site of a late Roman fort	51°50′53″N 5°52′12″E	Oppidum: 10 BC to AD 70. Fort: late 3rd to 5th centuries AD	1910 (fort), 1940s onwards
15	Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum	Nijmegen-Hunerberg	Earliest military fortification on the lower Rhine, briefly serving as the army's operational base. This was followed by a Legionary fortress and civil settlement from AD 70	51°50′24″N 5°53′2″E	19 to 12 BC. AD 70 to mid-2nd century	1916-20 and numerous post-war excavations
16		Nijmegen-Kops Plateau	Early fort with irregular shape, 'annexes' (military compounds outside the walls), residential blocks and a large assemblage of luxurious finds.	51°50′17″N 5°53′31″E	10 BC to AD 70	Mainly post-1946 excavations (esp 1986-95)
17		Berg en Dal aqueduct	Roman aquaduct, to transport running water 5.5 kilometres (3.4 miles) to the legionary fortress at Nijmegen. Embankments and cuttings carried wooden troughs from a reservoir near Groesbeek	51°49′5″N 5°54′0″E	AD 70 to mid-2nd century	2000-4
18		Berg en Dal-De Holdeurn	Military tile and pottery kilns, initially established by and for Xth legion, but later provided products for the whole lower Rhine army	51°49′1″N 5°55′59″E	late first century AD to third century	1938-42, 2015
19	Carvio ad molem ('Carvium near the groyne')	Herwen-De Bijland	Auxiliary fort located near a groyne which deflected the waters of the Waal into the Rhine, to maintain a navigable channel, built by Drusus. An inscribed gravestone and masonry fort defences have been found during gravel extraction.	51°52′52″N 6°5′56″E	Groyne (not found) was built 9 BC to AD 55	1939 (gravestone), 2015-16

List of sites in Germany

All but one of the German locations falls within the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (The Auxiliary fort at Remagen is in Rhineland Palatinate). Almost all of the sites are on the left (western) bank of the Rhine. Many of the military structures follow a similar chronology comprising a temporary camp with an earthen defensive boundary, replaced in the mid first century by timber defenses and later still by stone defences - particularly after the Revolt of the Batavi of AD 68-69. By the third century many military features were being abandoned, although some remained in use for a futher 200 years. The civil settlements also persisted in use, and many have a direct successor in their modern settlements. A number of sites can be matched with Roman place names, particularly from writers such as Tacitus and from ancient documents such as the map known as the Tabula Peutingeriana. The list below shows the 25 sites (some individual, some clusters of several component parts) that are now inscribed as part of the World Heritage Site.

Locations listed for the UNESCO World Heritage List: Lower Germanic Limes - part 2: Nord Rhein Westfalia, Germany

Site	Roman Name	Modern-day Location	Feature	Coordinates	Occupation time period	Investigated
20		Kleve-Keeken	Double-ditched marching fort (between 4 and 8 ha)	51°50′28″N 6°4′41″E	unknown	2016.
21		Kleve-Reichswald	2 sections of Roman Limes Road (over c1.5km)	51°47′28″N 6°5′35″E	Probably in use throughout the Roman occupation	2015 excavation.
22	Arenacum / Arenatium	Till (Bedburg-Hau)	Legionary fortress, fort, camps.	51°46′37″N 6°14′20″E	AD 70-180	2010. 2015 excavation trench.
23		Kalkar-Kalkarberg	Sanctuary/Temple to the Germanic war goddess Vagdavercustis	51°43′44″N 6°17′6″E	c12 BC to c AD 400	1980. 2000-2009 excavations.
24	Burginatium	Kalkar-Bornsches Feld	Auxiliary Fort, civil settlement, cemetery, limes road, fort (fleet base?)	51°42′50″N 6°19′8″E	1st to 3rd centuries	2005 and 2015 geophysical survey.
25		Uedem-Hochwald	A cluster of 13 individual marching camps, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 ha (covers 15 properties) now in woodland	51°41′31″N 6°21′7″E	unknown	2012 laserscan.
26		Wesel-Flüren	4 marching camps from a cluster of at least 8, (size 1.2 to 2.5 ha), now in woodland on the east bank of the Rhine	51°40′55″N 6°33′32″E	unknown	2012 laserscan.
27	Colonia Ulpia Traiana ('CUT') and Tricensima	Xanten	Walled city, accorded Colonia (city) status, founded by Trajan next to the double legionary fortress of Vetera. A 4th century defensible fortress of Tricensima was built within the older city. The whole 90ha city area is now an open-air Archaeological Park	51°40′1″N 6°26′38″E	AD 100 (under Trajan (renamed in 110 by Marcus Ulpius Traianus), 4th century rebuilding	Excavation of City walls: 19th century; amphitheatre:1930s; Buildings within the archaeological park: from 1977.
28	Vetera Castra	Xanten-Fürstenberg	Vetera I was Lower Germany's largest legionary fortresses (c57ha), with space for two legions plus amphitheatre. After AD 70 This was replaced by a single-legion fortress (Vetera II) nearer the river, and the establishment of the Colonia to the north	51°38′35″N 6°28′12″E	Vetera I: 10 BC to AD 40; Rebuilt in stone: AD 40 to 70; Vetera II: AD 70 to at least 260	Antiquarians. 19th century. 1905-1930 (small trenches); 1960s onwards, aerial/Geophys surveying. Vetera II: 1955-58 underwater investigations.
29		Alpen-Drüpt	Two overlapping large temporary camps and an Auxilliary fort	51°35′13″N 6°32′46″E	Unknown	Camps: 1960s aerial photos. Fort: 2015 surveys and geophys.
30	Asciburgium	Moers-Asberg	Auxilliary Cavalry Camps, tented followed by timber fortress. Later stone Burgus tower.	51°25′55″N 6°40′12″E	16 BC to AD 85. Late 4th century Burgus.	1956–1981 excavations
31		Duisburg-Werthausen	Fortlet (0.3ha) formerly on the right bank of the Rhine. (Oxbow has since cut through, so on the modern left bank)	51°25′19″N 6°42′40″E	After AD 85 to 3rd century	1891, 1924 excavations
32	Gelduba	Krefeld-Gellep	Site of AD 70 battle of Gelduba, in the Batavian Revolt. An Auxilliary fort was built on the battlefield.	51°19′59″N 6°40′55″E	AD 70 to 5th century	Earliest excavations in 1934. Fort in 1964-68. Vicus 1977 and 2017.
33	Novaesium	Neuss	Successive legionary camps including the 'Koenenlager' - the first fully excavated Legionary Fortress (28.5ha) - and a later Auxilliary fort built within the abandoned fortress.	51°10′55″N 6°43′26″E	16 BC earliest camp. 43 AD: 'Koenen's Camp'. 2nd century Auxilliary fort.	1897-1900: Koenen's excavations. 1950s onwards: excavations at earlier camps.
34		Neuss-Reckberg	Small fort and nearby Watchtower which would have commanded views of the River, Limes Road and surrounding areas	51°10′34″N 6°45′58″E	1st to 2nd centuries	1885 excavation by Koenen
35		Monheim am Rhein	Late-Roman Fort. Substantial brickwork walls, corner towers and 8 interval towers, enclosing 2.5ha. Some walls remain to 4m, incorporated into a medieval Manor House, Haus Bürgel, open as a museum.	51°7′44″N 6°52′23″E	Early 4th to 5th centuries	Various excavations from 1953 onwards.
36	Durnomagus	Dormagen	Auxilliary fort (3.3ha) for some 500 cavalry soldiers. A later Burgus made use of a corner section of wall.	51°5′35″N 6°50′24″E	80s AD wooden fort rebuilt in stone by 150, bunt down in 161. Burgus in 3rd to 4th centuries	1963–1977 excavations
37	Praetorium at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium	Cologne	Palace of the Governor of Lower Germania province. It was the largest Roman building on the Lower Rhine, and is now amongst the best studied Roman buildings anywhere. An Underground museum of the foundations has been incorporated into the MiQua permanent exhibition under the Rathausplatz.	50°56′17″N 6°57′32″E	Early 1st century Legionary HQ, and the name continued for the Governor's palace of 80 AD, and rebuilds in 185 and mid-4th century. The building was in use until possibly 8th century.	Post-war reconstruction uncovered the foundations, with multiple subsequent discoveries over 65 years to the 2007-2018 museum excavations.
38	Castrum Divitia	Deutz, Cologne	4th century fort inaugurated by Constantine I to control a new Rhine Bridge to Colonia. The only fort on the Lower Rhine right bank. Standing remains were incoporated into a 9th century Church, and then in 1003, into Deutz Abbey.	50°56′17″N 6°58′12″E	AD 309-315 until mid 5th century	1879–1882, 1927–1938, 1967, 1976–1979, 2010–2015 excavations
39		Alteburg, Cologne	Fort fronting the Rhine, providing the permanent base for the Classis Germanica, the Roman fleet on the Rhine, 3km south of the Colonia	50°54′18″N 6°58′37″E	10 AD to 3rd century	1870-99 and multiple excavations through 20th century
40		Kottenforst Nord	Manoeuvring areas for training activities in the vicinity of Bonn legionary fortress. The walls of 12 separate training camps are preserved up to 0.5 m high.	50°43′1″N 6°58′41″E	1st and 2nd centuries	Laser scanning from 2008
41	Castra Bonnensis	Bonn	Legionary Fortress (27.8 ha) remaining on the same footprint over its 400 years in use. Base for Legio I Minervia. Bonn's streets still reflect the walls and roads of the fortress.	50°44′42″N 7°6′0″E	AD 35 to 430	First discovery and excavations in 1818, further excavations in 1903–1905; 1958/59; 2013–2014.
42		Kottenforst Süd	Manoeuvring area similar to that north of Bonn, with 10 separate training camps with areas ranging from 0.5 to 1.9ha and earth walls 0.5 m high.	50°39′32″N 7°5′38″E	1st and 2nd centuries	Laser scanning from 2008.
43		Iversheim	Limekilns to supply military construction for use along the whole lower Rhine area, via the river Erft. Six kilns of which three are now displayed in an exhibition building.	50°35′17″N 6°46′26″E	1st to 3rd centuries	excavated 1966-68.
44	Rigomagus	Remagen	Auxiliary fort (1.47 ha) in use from 1st to 4th centuries. Later (270 AD onwards) construction re-used the older wall foundations. some of which survive in the modern town.	50°34′48″N 7°13′41″E	1st to 4th centuries	Excavations from 19th century onwards.