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Mount Sinabung (Indonesian: Gunung Sinabung,[1] also Dolok Sinabung,[2] Deleng Sinabun,[3] Dolok Sinaboen,[4] Dolok Sinaboeng[5] and Sinabuna[6]) is a Pleistocene-to-Holocene stratovolcano of andesite and dacite in the Karo plateau of Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 25 miles from Lake Toba supervolcano. Many old lava flows are on its flanks and the last known eruption, before recent times, occurred in the year 1600.[citation needed] Solfataric activities (cracks where steam, gas, and lava are emitted) were last observed at the summit in 1912; recent documented events include an eruption in the early hours of 29 August 2010 and eruptions in September and November 2013, January and February 2014.[7][8]

Geology

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Further information: List of volcanoes in Indonesia

Mount Sinabung is a Pleistocene-to-Halocene stratovolcano. The migration of summit vents along a N-S line gives the summit crater an intricate, longer form. The youngest crater of this conical, 2460-m-high andesitic-to-dacitic volcano is at the southern end of the four overlapping summit craters. [9] Most of Indonesian volcanism stems from the Sunda Arc, created by the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate. This arc is bounded on the north-northwest by the Andaman Islands, a chain of basaltic volcanoes, and on the East by the Banda Arc, also created by subduction.[10] Sinabung is an andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano with a total of four volcanic craters, only one being active.[7] Mount Sinabung lies in relatively cool highlands that consist of a fertile plateau and mountainous regions to the North. [11]

Eruptions

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August 2010

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On 29 August 2010 (local time), the volcano experienced a minor eruption after several days of rumbling.[12] Ash spewed into the atmosphere up to 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) high and lava was seen overflowing the crater.[12] The volcano had been inactive for over four centuries, with the most recent eruption occurring in 1600.[12] On 31 August 6,000 of the 30,000 villagers who had been evacuated returned to their homes.[13][14] The volcano was assigned to category “B” In Indonesia, as it had been inactive for more than 400 years (volcanoes in category “A”, must be monitored frequently).[15][16] The Indonesian Red Cross Society and the Health Ministry of Indonesia sent doctors and medicines to the region.[14] The National Disaster Management Agency provided face masks and food to assist the evacuees.[14]

September 2010

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On Friday 3 September, two more eruptions were noted. The first happened at 4:45 am in the morning, forcing more villagers to leave their houses - some of them had just returned the day before. This eruption was the most intense so far, with ash spewed up into the atmosphere about 3.0 kilometres (1.9 mi) high. Some hours before the eruption a warning had been issued through the volcanology agency, and most villagers were prepared to leave quickly.[17] A second eruption occurred the same evening, around 6 pm. The eruption came with earthquakes which could be noticed out to a 25.0 kilometres (15.5 mi) distance around the volcano[18]

Mount Sinabung, 13 September 2010

On Tuesday 7 September, Mount Sinabung erupted yet again, its biggest eruption yet since it had become active on 29 August 2010 and experts warned of more blasts to come. Indonesia's chief vulcanologist, Surono, said "It was the biggest eruption yet and the sound was heard from 8 kilometres away. The smoke was 5,000 metres in the air". Heavy rain mixed with the ash to form muddy coatings, a centimetre thick, on buildings and trees. Electricity in one village was cut off, but there were no casualties.[19]

Government response (My addition)

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Mount Sinabung, March 20, 2010.
Mount Sinabung, April 23, 2013.

The Indonesian government was reported to have evacuated around 17,500 people from the region on and around the volcano.[20] The government issued the highest-level warning for the area, which was expected to remain in force for around a week, since scientists were unfamiliar with the characteristics of the volcano, due to it having been dormant for so long.[20] The government also set up kitchens for refugees to have access to food and handed out 7,000 masks.[21] Over 10,000 people have been internally evacuated after the eruption, Secretary of the provincial administration, Edy Sofyan told Xinhua by phone. Spokesman of National Disaster Management Agency Priyadi Kardono said the eruption had not been predicted earlier like other volcanoes and that authorities must conduct a quick preparation for emergency work because Mount Sinabung’s seismic activity has been monitored intensively only since Friday after it showed an increase in activity.[22] In the wake of the eruption, the National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB), supported the roughly 27,489 displaced people by providing shelters. In addition, "BNPB has distributed 1,000 blankets, 1,000 sleeping mats and 500 family tents. The local government has allocated 50 tonnes of rice, 14,000 tins of fish, 1 water truck, 1,000 bottles of ketchup, 240 kg of instant noodles, 500 blankets, 50 family tents, 200 sleeping mats, oxygen bottles/tubes for emergency, and 5,000 packs of vitamin C and B6." [23]

Effects

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The towns nearest to the volcano are Kabanjahe and Berastagi. There were no disruptions reported to air services at the regional airport, Medan's Polonia.[24] One person was reported dead due to the eruption; he had respiratory problems while fleeing his home.[25]

September 2013

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On Sunday 15 September 2013, the volcano erupted at around 3 a.m local time. More than 3,700 people were evacuated from areas within a 3 kilometre (2 mile) radius of the volcano, and five halls normally used for traditional cultural ceremonies were converted into shelters with at least 1,500 being temporarily housed.[26]

November 2013

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The volcano erupted again on 5 November 2013, for the third time in as many months, forcing hundreds of villagers to evacuate. This volcano spewed a 7 km (4.3 mile) column of ash into the air, prompting authorities to impose a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) evacuation radius. The military helped evacuate 1,293 people from four villages around the volcano, which is 88 km (55 mi) from the provincial capital, Medan. The number of evacuees was expected to rise. No casualties were reported. About 14,000 people were forced the evacuate when the volcano showed signs of activity in September. Sinabung is one of nearly 130 active volcanoes in the world's fourth-most populated country, which straddles the "Pacific Ring of Fire". On 11 November 2013, a pyroclastic flow, a fast-moving avalanche of ash, lava fragments and air, was seen racing down the peak. Since then, the volcano has blasted out one to two ash explosions every day.[27]

December 2013

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Sinabung on June 7, 2013[28]
Sinabung on February 6, 2014[29]

By 28 December 2013 a lava dome had formed on the summit.

January 2014

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On 4 January 2014, the volcano erupted again. "Mount Sinabung, which has erupted over a hundred times between Jan. 4 through the morning of Jan. 5 is spewing out a 4,000 metre (13,000 ft) high column of ash damaging property and crops and poisoning animals over a wide radius."[30]

February 2014

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On 1 February 2014 a further eruption occurred that sent clouds of hot ash 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) into the air and engulfed nearby villages. Reports claim that at least 14 people died as a result of the eruption, which occurred just after residents living more than five kilometers from the mountain had been allowed to return home following a lack of recent volcanic activity.[31] Among the dead were a local television journalist and four high-school students along with their teacher, who were visiting the mountain to see the eruptions up close.[32] Seven of the victims were members of the Indonesian Christian Student Movement (GMKI), who died while trying to save local residents as pyroclastic flows swept across Mount Sinabung. [33]


Ecology

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An ecosystem responds to volcanism in many different ways depending on the frequency, scale, and severity of the eruptions. [34] Further more, it can be assumed that the pyroclastic flow of the eruption that was an estimated 700 degrees in temperature [35] killed many of the organic matter including plants and animals. As seen in the Mount St. Helens eruption, many insects would likely die due to the ask fall. This abrasion due to the ash causes quick desiccation. [36] Although many insects may have survived from being in trees that were not torn down or deep in the ground, these insects may not live long after the event due to lack of resources. Many larger animals may not have been able to escape the flow in time. However, like at Mt. St. Helens, many of these animals could recover from pools of survivors and from invasion of other species. [37]


See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Gunung Sinabung: Indonesia". Geographical Names. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  2. ^ "Dolok Sinabung: Indonesia". Geographical Names. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  3. ^ "Deleng Sinabun: Indonesia". Geographical Names. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  4. ^ "Dolok Sinaboen: Indonesia". Geographical Names. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  5. ^ "Dolok Sinaboeng: Indonesia". Geographical Names. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  6. ^ "Sinabuna: Indonesia". Geographical Names. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  7. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference gvp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "Mount Sinabung in Sumatra erupts". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  9. ^ http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=261080
  10. ^ "Volcanoes of Indonesia: Highlights". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  11. ^ Kushnick, Geoff (April 2010). Bibliography of Works on the Karo Batak of North Sumatra, Indonesia (PDF). Geoff Kushnick. p. 5.
  12. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference phys_org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference ap_2010_0831 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference VOA_2010_0831 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference xinhua_2010_0829 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference cnn_2010_0829 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference jp_2010_0904 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ [1]
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference epochtimes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference yahoo_2010_0829 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference newstoday_2010_0829 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Indonesia’s Sinabung volcano August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference DREF Operation Update was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference reuters_2010_0829 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference jp_2010_0829 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference jp_2013_0915 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference tmn_20131115 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ [2]
  29. ^ [3]
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference bloomberg_2014_0107 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ "Indonesia volcano Sinabung in deadly eruption". BBC News. BBC. 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  32. ^ "Death toll rises to 16 from Indonesia Volcano". AP News. Asian Correspondant. 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  33. ^ "7 Aktivis GMKI Tewas saat Menyelamatkan Warga di Sinabung,". Tribun News. 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  34. ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/moral/publications/RDM_Grishin.pdf
  35. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/03/world/asia/indonesia-volcano/
  36. ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/moral/publications/RDM_Grishin.pdf
  37. ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/moral/publications/RDM_Grishin.pdf
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