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Bat's wing fern
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
Genus: Histiopteris
Species:
H. incisa
Binomial name
Histiopteris incisa
Synonyms

Histiopteris incisa, the bat’s wing fern, water fern or fern mata, is a common fern species found in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, south America, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and many other south pacific islands.[1] It is commonly found in wet areas such as the understory of wet sclerophyll forests, rainforests or near creek and riverbeds but is very common in environmentally disturbed areas where it can come to dominate the landscape[2]. It is commonly known as the bat’s wing fern as the sessile leaflets of the lowermost lobes of each pinnae have a bat wing like appearance.

Description

Histiopteris incisa growing within dead eucalypt

Histiopteris incisa is moderately large ground fern, the fronds are distinctive in shape with opposite pinnae and being colloquially known as bat’s wing fern due to the shape of the lower pinnae’s sessile leaflets[3], and can vary in size from 30-200cm[4], the leaves are also distinct in texture appearing glaucous and feeling fleshy (Tas key)with new leaf primordia often forming at 90’ angles, the fern often grows from an extensive rhizome either under or above ground around 5-10mm in diameter and covered with brown scales[5], it also develops an extra axillary bud that grows a lateral shoot to develop a larger shoot system, the stipe and rachis are brown at the base and yellow-brown higher up as well as being glabrous and glossy except for the basal scales.[6] The fertile fronds are often slightly smaller with a continuous sorus on the outer edges of the lobes and a marginal indusium[7] formed by the reflexed leaf margins, they form many pale tuberculate monolete spores.[8]

Sori of Histiopteris incisa

Distribution Histiopteris incisa is broadly dispersed across the southern hemisphere displaying circum-Antarctic distribution likely from long distance dispersal[9], with extensive coverage across Tasmania, New Zealand, south eastern Australia, south and central America[10] and as well as throughout Papua new guinea and many other landmasses throughout the south Pacific Ocean.[11]

Ecology It is often found within the understories of wet sclerophyll and rainforest systems, preferring moist environments with poorer soil drainage, it is often found bordering wet forests appearing near the edges of tracks and roads[12], this fern also appears frequently in areas of high disturbance particularly those that had previous rainforest species[13] as well as being a common successional species after clear-felling [14]. It is tolerant of high light levels and can frequently be found colonising open areas of disturbed sites and forming large communities[15], it often prefers drains, and rocky crevices and other shaded areas in more open forests[16], it also one of very few ferns that are almost deciduous in nature as the tend to ‘die back’ during winter.[17]

Cultivation Histiopteris incisais an easily cultivated species[18] that is easily found in many Tasmanian nurseries, it can be grown readily in rockeries as well as large pots and baskets in shady areas as well as in ground settings that are cool and relatively moist where it will develop rapidly.[19]

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Atlas Australia (2019). Histiopteris incisa : Matata. [online] Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2903289 [Accessed 12 Dec. 2019].
  2. ^ Jarman, S.J., Kantvilas, G. and Brown, M.J., 1986. The ecology of pteridophytes in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest. Fern Gazette, 13(2), pp.77-86.
  3. ^ Duncan, B.D. and Isaac, G., 1986. Ferns and allied plants of Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. International Specialized Book Services.
  4. ^ Orchard, A.E., 1998. Flora of Australia, vol. 48, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups. Canberra: CSIRO.
  5. ^ Imaichi, R., 1980. Developmental studies on the leaf and the extra-axillary bud of Histiopteris incisa. The botanical magazine Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi, 93(1), pp.25-38.
  6. ^ Imaichi, R., 1980. Developmental studies on the leaf and the extra-axillary bud of Histiopteris incisa. The botanical magazine Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi, 93(1), pp.25-38.
  7. ^ Tryon, A.F. and Lugardon, B., 2012. Spores of the Pteridophyta: surface, wall structure, and diversity based on electron microscope studies. Springer Science & Business Media.
  8. ^ Tryon, R.M. and Tryon, A.F., 2012. Ferns and allied plants: with special reference to tropical America. Springer Science & Business Media.
  9. ^ Parris, B.S., 2001. Circum-Antarctic continental distribution patterns in pteridophyte species. Brittonia, 53(2), pp.270-283.
  10. ^ Tryon, R.M. and Tryon, A.F., 2012. Ferns and allied plants: with special reference to tropical America. Springer Science & Business Media.
  11. ^ Atlas Australia (2019). Histiopteris incisa : Matata. [online] Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2903289 [Accessed 12 Dec. 2019].
  12. ^ Jarman, S.J., Kantvilas, G. and Brown, M.J., 1986. The ecology of pteridophytes in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest. Fern Gazette, 13(2), pp.77-86.
  13. ^ Cremer, K.W., 1965. Early stages of plant succession following the complete felling and burning of Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany, 13(2), pp.303-322.
  14. ^ Browning, B.J., Jordan, G.J., Dalton, P.J., Grove, S.J., Wardlaw, T.J. and Turner, P.A.M., 2010. Succession of mosses, liverworts and ferns on coarse woody debris, in relation to forest age and log decay in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(10), pp.1896-1905.
  15. ^ Jarman, S.J., Kantvilas, G. and Brown, M.J., 1986. The ecology of pteridophytes in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest. Fern Gazette, 13(2), pp.77-86.
  16. ^ Orchard, A.E., 1998. Flora of Australia, vol. 48, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups. Canberra: CSIRO.
  17. ^ Sim, T.R., 1915. The Ferns of South Africa: Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Ferns and Fern Allies of South Africa. CUP Archive.
  18. ^ Sim, T.R., 1915. The Ferns of South Africa: Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Ferns and Fern Allies of South Africa. CUP Archive.
  19. ^ Harris, T. (1959). Australian plants for the garden ; a handbook on the cultivation of Australian trees, shrubs, other flowering plants, and ferns. Sydney. Angus and Robertson.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

  1. ^ Imaichi, R., 1980. Developmental studies on the leaf and the extra-axillary bud of Histiopteris incisa. The botanical magazine Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi, 93(1), pp.25-38.
  2. ^ Orchard, A.E., 1998. Flora of Australia, vol. 48, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups. Canberra: CSIRO.
  3. ^ Cremer, K.W., 1965. Early stages of plant succession following the complete felling and burning of Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany, 13(2), pp.303-322.
  4. ^ Jarman, S.J., Kantvilas, G. and Brown, M.J., 1986. The ecology of pteridophytes in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest. Fern Gazette, 13(2), pp.77-86.
  5. ^ Parris, B.S., 2001. Circum-Antarctic continental distribution patterns in pteridophyte species. Brittonia, 53(2), pp.270-283.
  6. ^ Browning, B.J., Jordan, G.J., Dalton, P.J., Grove, S.J., Wardlaw, T.J. and Turner, P.A.M., 2010. Succession of mosses, liverworts and ferns on coarse woody debris, in relation to forest age and log decay in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(10), pp.1896-1905.
  7. ^ Duncan, B.D. and Isaac, G., 1986. Ferns and allied plants of Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. International Specialized Book Services.
  8. ^ Tryon, R.M. and Tryon, A.F., 2012. Ferns and allied plants: with special reference to tropical America. Springer Science & Business Media.
  9. ^ Tryon, A.F. and Lugardon, B., 2012. Spores of the Pteridophyta: surface, wall structure, and diversity based on electron microscope studies. Springer Science & Business Media.
  10. ^ Sim, T.R., 1915. The Ferns of South Africa: Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Ferns and Fern Allies of South Africa. CUP Archive.
  11. ^ Harris, T. (1959). Australian plants for the garden ; a handbook on the cultivation of Australian trees, shrubs, other flowering plants, and ferns. Sydney. Angus and Robertson.
  12. ^ Atlas Australia (2019). Histiopteris incisa : Matata. [online] Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2903289 [Accessed 12 Dec. 2019].
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