User:Smkolins/Sandbox8

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That America went through the Civil War and achieved progress with an emancipation is pointed at by `Abdu'l-Bahá in 1912 as a bsais of encouraging American prospects in humanitarian and altruistic ideals.[1] This kind of affirmation in the religion goes as far back as 1867 when Baha'is wrote a petition to the US was undertaken as it had no attachment to the present oppressive conditions there.[2]

Bahá'u'lláh did himself address the "Rulers of America and the Presidents of the Republics" saying in part "Bind ye the broken with the hands of justice, and crush the oppressor who flourisheth with the rod of the commandments of your Lord…." Bahá'ís of America have progressively engaged in a mission eventually phrased as "" though variously non-adversarial at some level when directly challenged though not passive.[3] Diplomatic means have been used. When the community was only at most roughly 2000[4] in 1901 American Bahá'ís approached US Ambassador to Iran Herbert W. Bowen in Paris concerning the situation Bahá'ís there had been in.[5] As an example, even an American diplomat was once murdered by a mob on suspicion of being a Bahá'í intervening in a local matter in 1924.[6][7]

In 1936, amidst the rebuilding of the economy in the Great Depression and the build up to World War II a special collection and printing of the guidance to America was given to Franklin Roosevelt, "that these utterances may, in this hour of grave crisis, bring to him comfort, encouragement and strength."[8]

In 1947, at a time when the Bahá'ís number approaching 5000 in America,[4] Bahá'í students at the University of Chicago participated in a demonstration against the segregation and discrimination based on race for medical treatment of students on campus.[9][10][11] In 1955 American Bahá'ís and institutions spoke up following the destruction of a Bahá'í center of worship in Iran.[12]

When Bahá'ís were approaching 10,000, in America[4], Bahá'ís in Morocco had organized their first assembly and begun to suffer persecution in 1960-1962.[13][14] Continuing their growth in 1963 a survey of the community counted 10 Assemblies, 12 organized groups (between 1 and 9 adults) of Bahá'ís.[15] In 1963 arrest of Bahá'ís in Morocco had gotten attention from Hassan II of Morocco, US Senator Kenneth B. Keating[16] and Roger Nash Baldwin, then Chairman of the International League for the Rights of Man.[14] On March 31, 1963 during a visit to the United States and the United Nations, King Hasan was interviewed on television on Meet the Press then with Lawrence E. Spivak and was asked about the treatment of Bahá'ís in his own country.[17] He addressed the audience saying that the Bahá'í Faith was not a religion and "against good order and also morals". However, on April 2 he makes a public statement that if the Supreme Court confirms the penalty of death that he would grant them a royal pardon. However, on November 23 the Supreme Court heared the appeals and reversed the decision of the lower court. On December 13 the prisoners were actually released.[14]

In 1964 a project developed among the Bahá'ís supporting race unity - the same period as the Freedom Summer campaign - with connections at Louhelen and the burgeoning Bahá'í community of Greenville South Carolina. The civic society there was integrating its schools that Fall. Training sessions for a project were noted in the Baha'i News in August at Louhelen.[18] Some 80 youth attended the training in mid-June and some 26 faculty and staff. After the classes in various subjects 27 went to 8 locations: Greenville, SC, Atlanta, GA, locations in MN, NM, AZ, MI and DC.[19] Six youth went to Greenville, SC, under the sponsorship of their local assembly for a 6 week program joined by five local youth.[20]: 2m38s  They worked on tutoring some 55 blacks students about to attend newly integrating schools, rural proclamation of the religion, and human rights activities focused on the black minority.[19] The work was capped with a parent-teacher banquet reception at a church and a picnic for the students conducted by the Bahá'í teachers. Firesides were held widely in rural areas around Greenville which featured singing, and the group supported petitioning for the public swimming pool being integrated.[21][22]

In 1965 Bahá'ís participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches and arranged for telegrams according to the June issue of Baha'i News.[23] The National Assembly telegrammed the US President and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Eight Bahá'ís including two from Montgomery are documented to have participated.

…

At around 77,000,[4] in 1982 Bahá'ís testified before a Congress subcommittee on the situation in Iran[24] and this was followed up a few years later,[25] and 1988.[26] Wider news media also followed as well.[27][28]


Before 2000 Bahá'ís numbered around 137,000 plus Iranian refugees.[4]


2006…[29] Modern support for the broad considerations of human rights.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Christopher Buck (3 April 2013). "`Abdu'l-Bahá's 1912 Howard University speech: a Civil War myth for interracial emancipation" (PDF). In N. Mottahedeh (ed.). ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's Journey West: The Course of Human Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-137-03201-0.
  2. ^ various; Manuchehr Derakhshani; Nesreen Akhtarkhavari (2006) [March 16, 1867]. "An 1867 Petition from Bahá'ís in Shushtar, Iran, to the U.S. Congress". World Order. Vol. 37, no. 3. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. pp. 31–38. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  3. ^ Michael Karlberg (Apr 2010). "Constructive Resilience: The Bahá'í Response to Oppression" (PDF). Peace & Change. 35 (2). Peace History Society and Peace and Justice Studies Association: 222–257. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mike McMullen; Michael McMullen (27 November 2015). The Bahá’ís of America: The Growth of a Religious Movement. NYU Press. pp. 38–40, 146, 232. ISBN 978-1-4798-5152-2.
  5. ^ * "Babists of Persia". The Daily Chronicle. De Kalb, IL. 6 Jul 1901. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  6. ^ Michael Zirinsky (Aug 1, 1986). "Blood, Power, and Hypocrisy: the Murder of Robert Imbrie and American Relations with Pahlavi Iran, 1924". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 18 (3). Cambridge University Press: 275–292. JSTOR 163379. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  7. ^ "Assassins will be executed at scene of crime, says Consul". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. 21 Jul 1924. p. 3. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  8. ^ * "Baha'u'llah's tablet presented to the President". Baha'i News. No. 102. Aug 1936. p. 1–2. Retrieved Dec 19, 2017.
  9. ^ "Students protest discrimination,". The Mercury. Pottstown, PA. 19 Dec 1947. p. 14. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  10. ^ "Chicago students arrange walkout as racial protest". Muncie Evening Press. Muncie, IN. 2 Dec 1947. p. 1. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  11. ^ "Students to protest 'race discrimination'". Racine Journal-Times. Racine, WI. 3 Dec 1947. p. 9. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017.
  12. ^ * "Tehran head dooms dome of Baha'i". The Indiana Gazette. Indiana, PA. 23 May 1955. p. 35. Retrieved Dec 18, 2017. {{cite news}}: Empty citation (help)
  13. ^ "First Local Spiritual Assembly of Zaouiat Cheikh". Bahá'í News. No. 354. September 1960. p. 12.
  14. ^ a b c Cameron, G.; Momen, W. (1996). A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 301, 304–5, 306, 308, 328, 329, 331, 354–359, 375, 400, 435, 440–441. ISBN 0-85398-404-2.
  15. ^ Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". pp. 25, 83, 103, 115.
  16. ^ Rabbani, R. (Ed.) (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá'í World Centre. pp. 414–419. ISBN 0-85398-350-X.
  17. ^ Rutstein, Nathan (2008). From a Gnat to an Eagle: The Story of Nathan Rutstein. US Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-931847-46-9.
  18. ^ "Training session for summer youth projects held at Davison". Baha'i News. No. 401. August 1964. p. 14. ISSN 01950212. Retrieved Nov 23, 2017. {{cite magazine}}: Check |issn= value (help)
  19. ^ a b David S. Ruhe (Nov 1964). "Baha'i summer youth projects II". Baha’i News. No. 484. p. 13. ISSN 01950212. Retrieved Nov 4, 2017. {{cite magazine}}: Check |issn= value (help)
  20. ^ Richard W. Thomas (Nov 1, 2012). Dr. Richard Thomas - The Other Tradition (video). "Race Amity".
  21. ^ Venters, Louis E., III (2010). Most great reconstruction: The Baha'i Faith in Jim Crow South Carolina, 1898-1965 (Thesis). Colleges of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina. pp. 366–7. ISBN 978-1-243-74175-2. UMI Number: 3402846.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ * "Green Forest; Council faces pool question". The Greenville News. Greenville, SC. 10 Jul 1964. p. 1. Retrieved Nov 8, 2017.
  23. ^ "Baha'is participate in march on Montgomery". Baha'i News. June 1965. p. 13.
  24. ^ Hamid Naficy (6 April 2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984. Duke University Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-8223-4877-2.
  25. ^ Tom Lantos, Gerald Solomon, John Porter, Elliot Abrams, Theodore S. Weiss, James Nelson, Wilma Brady, Jim Leach, Mervyn Dymally, Mel Levine, Firuz Kazemzadeh (May 2, 1984). US Congressional hearings on the persecution of Baha'is in Iran (video). Washington, DC: House subcommittee on human rights and international organizations.
  26. ^ Gus Yatron, Gerald Solomon, John Porter, Richard Schifter, Robert Henderson, Firuz Kazemzadeh, Christopher Smith (June 29, 1988). Human rights in Iran, House Foreign Affairs subcmte. on Human Rights & International Organizations (Video). Washington, DC: C-SPAN.
  27. ^ 20/20 TV show on the persecution of Iran Baha'is (television). Jul 20, 2012 [1983].
  28. ^ Mr. Kenneth Bowers (video). Religious Freedom Congressional Hearing, USA.
  29. ^ Situation of the Baha'is in Iran and Egypt (video). Baha'is of the United States. Jan 8, 2007.
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