User:Snehakrishna/1,2,3-trichloropropane
 Trichloropropane
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
1,2,3 Trichloropropane
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| Systematic IUPAC name
Trichloropropane | |
| Other names
TCP, allyl trichloride, glycerol trichlorohydrin, trichlorohydrin
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| Identifiers | |
| Abbreviations | TCP |
| EC Number |
|
| UNII | |
| Properties | |
| C 3H 5Cl 3 | |
| Molar mass | 147.43 g |
| Appearance | colorless or straw yellow transparent liquid |
| Density | 1.38g mol-1 |
| Melting point | -14 ºC |
| Boiling point | 156.85°C |
| log P | 2.27 |
| Vapor pressure | 3.1 |
Henry's law
constant (kH) |
4.087 x 10-4 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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1,2,3 Trichloropropane (TCP) is a chemical compound that is commonly used as an industrial solvent. Although it is not currently labeled as a contaminant by the United States federal government, new research shows that it could have severe health effects. Currently, only California has significant regulation on this compound.
Production
[edit]1,2,3-Trichloropropane can be produced via the chlorination of propylene. Other reported methods for producing 1,2,3-trichloropropane include the addition of chlorine to allyl chloride, reaction of thionyl chloride with glycerol, and the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride with either 1,3- or 2,3-dichloropropanol. TCP also may be produced as a byproduct of processes primarily used to produce chemicals such as dichloropropene (a soil fumigant), propylene chlorohydrin, propylene oxide, dichlorohydrin, and glycerol. [1]
Uses
[edit]Historically, TCP has been used as a paint or varnish remover, a cleaning and degreasing agent, and in the production of pesticides. Currently, it is also being used as a chemical intermediate in the process of making chemicals such as hexafluoropropylene and polysulfides and and an industrial solvent. [2]
Effects of Exposure
[edit]Humans can be exposed to TCP by inhaling its fumes or through skin contact and ingestion. TCP is recognized in California as a human carcinogen, and extensive animal studies have shown that it causes cancer. Short term exposure to TCP can cause throat and eye irritation and can affect muscle coordination and concentration. Long term exposure can affect body weight and kidney function. [2]
Regulation
[edit]Existing Regulation
[edit]As of now, only the state of California has any regulation on 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Even there, it is only viewed as an unregulated contaminant that should be monitored. Although there is not much regulation on this substance, it has proved that TCP is a carcinogen in laboratory mice, and most likely a human carcinogen as well. On a federal scale, there is no MCL (maximum concentration level) for this contaminant. In California, there is only a notification level of .005 ppb (parts per billion) in groundwater. However, other safety and health departments have created limits on how much exposure a person can have to TCP safely. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 50 ppm or 300 mg/m3. The concentration in air at which TCP becomes an Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH) is at 100 ppm. These regulations were reviewed in 2009. [3]
Proposed US Federal Regulation
[edit]In a new drinking water project that was proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), TCP is one of sixteen chemicals that are being considered for regulation. These sixteen chemicals are all suspected human carcinogens. [4]
TCP as an Emerging Contaminant
[edit]TCP does not contaminate soil. Instead, it leaks down into ground water and settles down at the bottom of the ground water reservoir because TCP is more dense than water. This makes TCP in its pure form a DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid)and it is therefore harder to remove it from groundwater. [2] There is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose, but it might in favorable conditions. Groundwater remediation of TCP can occur through in situ chemical oxidation, permeable reactive barriers, and other remediation techniques. [5] Several TCP remediation strategies have been studied and/or applied with varying degrees of success. These include extraction with granular activated carbon, in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ chemical reduction.[6] Recent studies suggest that reduction with zerovalent metals, particularly zerovalent zinc, may be particularly effective in TCP remediation. [7] [8] Bioremediation may also be a promising clean-up technique.[9] [10]
References
[edit]- ^ United States. Toxicological Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane., 1992. Print.
- ^ a b c Cooke, Mary. United States. Emerging Contaminant--1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP). , 2009. Print.
- ^ Sedman, Richard. California. Public Health Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane. , 2009. Print.
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency. Basic Questions and Answers for the Drinking Water Strategy Contaminant Groups Effort. , 2011. Print.
- ^ California. Groundwater Information Sheet: 1,2,3Trichloropropane (TCP). , 2009. Print.
- ^ Tratnyek,P.G.;Sarathy,V.;Fortuna,J.H.,Fateandremediation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane. In 6th International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds: Monterey, CA, 2008, Paper C-047.
- ^ Sarathy, V.; Tratnyek, P. G.; Salter, A. J.; Nurmi, J. T.; Johnson, R. L.; O'Brien Johnson, R. Degradation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP): Hydrolysis, elimination, and reduction by iron and zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 787–793.
- ^ Salter-Blanc, Alexandra J.; Tratnyek, P.G. Effects of solution chemistry on the dechlorination of 1,2,3-trichloropropane by zero-valent zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011 Article ASAP.
- ^ Pavlova, M.; M. Klvana; Z. Prokop; R. Chaloupkova; M. Otyepka; R. C. Wade; M. Tsuda; Y. Nagata; J. Damborsky; P. Banas. "Redesigning dehalogenase access tunnels as a strategy for degrading an anthropogenic substrate." Nature Chemical Biology. (2009): Print.
- ^ J. Yan; B. A. Rash; F. A. Rainey; W. M. Moe1."Isolation of novel bacteria within the Chloroflexi capable of reductive dechlorination of 1,2,3-trichloropropane." Environmental Microbiology. (2009): Print.