User:The86Juse/Northern muriqui
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The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is one of two species of muriqui. They are also known as the woolly spider monkey as they exhibit the woollen pelt of woolly monkeys and the long prehensile tail of spider monkeys. They are the largest of discovered New world monkeys that can reach up to 4.3 ft (1.3 m) long and weight up to 7-10 Kgs[1]. The northern muriqui is a critically endangered species that is unusual among primates in that it displays egaltarian tendencies in its social relationships. This species is endemic to the Atlantic Forest region of Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia. Their diets, travel patterns and reproductive cycles are seasonally determined. The size of each group can fluctuate as females will move between groups of monkeys.
The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is an endangered muriqui or woolly spider monkey species endemic to Brazil. It is unusual among primates in that it shows egalitarian social relationships. It is found in the Atlantic Forest region of the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia. Muriquis are the largest species of New World monkeys. The northern muriqui can grow up to 4.3 ft (1.3 m) long. It feeds mainly on leaves and twigs, but will also eat fruit. It often hangs upside-down by its prehensile tail while eating.
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[edit]Morphology and Identification
[edit]Northern muriquis exhibit features that allow them to utilize all of their limbs and tail for travel and obtaining food items. As they spend much of their life in the canopy of forests, they use brachiation as a form of locomotion[2]. Evolutionary features that further aid these large atelids are elongated hook-like fingers, and shoulder that allows for a wide range of movement[1]. As these monkeys are primarily suited for life in trees, they still venture down to the ground to drink from water sources, consume soil or to obtain ripe fruit that has fallen[2].Northern muriquis can be individually recognized by their natural markings and facial features, such as fur color and patterning, ear shape, and face shape and pigmentation[3]. Their sex can usually be determined within a week or so of birth, based on the shape and positioning of their genitalia[4]. In contrast to the southern muriqui, northern muriqui exhibit a lack of sexual dimorphism, southern muriqui exhibit dimorphism in their canines, but northern muriqui have kept vestigial thumbs[5].
Ecology
[edit]Diet
[edit]Northern muriqui are frugivorous and folivorous, but they also rely on flowers, bark, twigs, stems and soil to supplement additional nutritional needs.[6] The amount of what each group eats depends on seasonality, wherein they will consume foods higher in calories, which results in higher fruit consumption during the wet season, and increased leaf consumption in the dry season.[7] This affect how groups of B. hypoxanthus travel as they forage for food, as bigger family groups need to travel further to attain adequate food sources. The muriqui also utilize vertical niches when foraging, as they can access all levels of forest, from the floor to the canopy. Muriqui group home ranges overlap, so unrelated groups of muriqui will avoid each other by traveling to or foraging for food by using these niche levels.[8]
Social Structure
[edit]Northern muriqui live in egalitarian, fission-fusion societies[8], where the males are philopatric, and females will leave the natal group to join other muriqui groups at an average age of 6 years old before they reach puberty[9]. Male muriqui have been documented to form social cliques within their natal groups, with group that are differentiated between older males and younger males.[10] The muriqui display tendencies to form cooperative associations between cliques, and therefore leads to diminished intragroup conflicts compared to other species of primate. These tendencies make themselves apparent during mating season as there is little to no aggression displayed between males vying for mating opportunities, or when dealing with other natal groups of muriqui when traveling or defending their own homerange.[10] Different muriqui groups will interact with each other as group home ranges overlap.[8] During these interactions, females can enter new groups by vocalizing and interacting with new group members by hugging or touching them.
Mating and Reproduction
[edit]The Northern Muriqui's reproductive cycle is based off of the seasonality of their environment. Infants are generally born during the dry season so that when there is a high amount of fruit production during the wet season, they can access calorie dense foods as they are weaned off of their mothers milk.[7] Females will on average be ready to mate at the age of nine, wherein they can copulate with several partners in order to conceive, however,some males can be shown preferential treatment by females.[5] Evidence points to having multiple partners in order to confuse paternity, limit male aggression, or improving odds of fertilization.(cite) The gestation period for northern muriquis is a little over 7 months. The visual determination of sex can be seen within a week or so of birth, based on the shape and positioning of their genitalia.
Their sex can usually be determined within a week or so of birth, based on the shape and positioning of their genitalia. Female muriquis engage in sex with multiple partners, which may serve to confuse paternity, limit male aggression, or improve odds of fertilization.
Predation
[edit]Northern muriqui can be preyed upon by ocelots, tayra, and some birds of prey. If a threat or predator is observed, a group of muriqui will vocally call out to warn others[2].
Conservation and Status
[edit]- ^ a b Iurck, Maria F.; Nowak, Matthew G.; Costa, Leny C.M.; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Ford, Susan M.; Strier, Karen B. (2013). "Feeding and Resting Postures of Wild Northern Muriquis ( B rachyteles hypoxanthus ): Northern Muriqui Postural Behavior". American Journal of Primatology. 75 (1): 74–87. doi:10.1002/ajp.22085.
- ^ a b c Mourthé, Ítalo M.C.; Guedes, Danusa; Fidelis, Janaína; Boubli, Jean P.; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Strier, Karen B. (2007). "Ground use by northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)". American Journal of Primatology. 69 (6): 706–712. doi:10.1002/ajp.20405.
- ^ Chaves, Paulo B.; Magnus, Tielli; Jerusalinsky, Leandro; Talebi, Maurício; Strier, Karen B.; Breves, Paula; Tabacow, Fernanda; Teixeira, Rodrigo H. F.; Moreira, Leandro; Hack, Robson O. E.; Milagres, Adriana (2019). "Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui (genus Brachyteles )". American Journal of Primatology. 81 (12). doi:10.1002/ajp.23066. ISSN 0275-2565.
- ^ Strier, Karen B.; Boubli, Jean P.; Possamai, Carla B.; Mendes, Sérgio L. (2006). "Population demography of Northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural-Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 130 (2): 227–237. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20366. ISSN 0002-9483.
- ^ a b Lemos de Sá, Rosa M.; Pope, Theresa R.; Struhsaker, Thomas T.; Glander, Kenneth E. (1993). "Sexual dimorphism in canine length of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)". International Journal of Primatology. 14 (5): 755–763. doi:10.1007/BF02192189. ISSN 0164-0291.
- ^ de Carvalho Jr, Oswaldo; Ferrari, Stephen F.; Strier, Karen B. (2004-07-01). "Diet of a muriqui group (Brachyteles arachnoides) in continuous primary forest". Primates. 45 (3): 201–204. doi:10.1007/s10329-004-0079-7. ISSN 1610-7365.
- ^ a b Strier, Karen B.; Mendes, Sergio L.; Santos, Rogerio R. (2001). "Timing of births in sympatric brown howler monkeys (Alouatta fusca clamitans) and northern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus)". American Journal of Primatology. 55 (2): 87–100. doi:10.1002/ajp.1042. ISSN 0275-2565.
- ^ a b c Lima, Marlon; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Strier, Karen B. (2019). "Habitat Use in a Population of the Northern Muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)". International Journal of Primatology. 40 (4–5): 470–495. doi:10.1007/s10764-019-00098-7. ISSN 0164-0291.
- ^ Martins, Waldney P.; Strier, Karen B. (2004-01-01). "Age at first reproduction in philopatric female muriquis ( Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus )". Primates. 45 (1): 63–67. doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0057-5. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ a b Tokuda, Marcos; Boubli, Jean P.; Izar, Patrícia; Strier, Karen B. (2012-04-01). "Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus". Current Zoology. 58 (2): 342–352. doi:10.1093/czoolo/58.2.342. ISSN 2396-9814.