Vigna mungo
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| Vigna mungo | |
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| Dry urad beans | |
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| Species: | Vigna mungo
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| Binomial name | |
| Vigna mungo | |
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Vigna mungo, black gram, black lentil, mungo bean (not to be confused with the much smaller true black lentil (Lens culinaris)), black matpe bean, Sanskrit माष / māṣa, is a bean grown in the Indian subcontinent. At one time it was considered to belong to the same species as the mung bean.
The product sold as black lentils is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is called Ulunthu in Tamil, Minumulu in Telugu,"'Uddu"' in Kannada, Urad Dal in Hindi, or white lentils.
Black gram originated in India, where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India and Pakistan. The coastal Andhra region in Andhra Pradesh is famous for black gram after paddy. The Guntur District ranks first in Andhra Pradesh for the production of black gram. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas mainly by Indian immigrants.
Description
It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual herb. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded nodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six cm long. The plant grows 30–100 cm with large hairy leaves and 4–6 cm seed pods.[2] While the urad bean was, along with the mung bean, originally placed in Phaseolus, it has since been transferred to Vigna.
Cooking
Vigna mungo is popular in India, largely used to make dal from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into dal; prepared like this it has an unusual mucilaginous texture. It is also extensively used in South Indian culinary preparations. Urad Dal is one of the key ingredient in making the Idli-Dosa batter, where one part of Urad Dal is mixed with Three or Four parts of Idli Rice to make the batter. Also the dough for Vada or Udid Vada is made from soaked batter and deep fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in making Papad, notably the South Indian version known as Appalam and Papadum, in which white lentils are usually used.
It is nutritious and is recommended for diabetics, as are other pulses. It is very popular in the Punjabi cuisine, as an ingredient of dal makhani. In Bengal it is made as a preparation called Biulir Dal. In Rajasthan, It is used to prepare dal which is especially consumed with "Bati".
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
58.99 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 18.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.64 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 10.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Black gram is very nutritious as it contains high levels of protein (25g/100g), potassium (983 mg/100g), calcium (138 mg/100g), iron (7.57 mg/100g), niacin (1.447 mg/100g), Thiamine (0.273 mg/100g), and riboflavin (0.254 mg/100g).[5] Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India.[2] Black gram has been shown to be useful in mitigating elevated cholesterol levels.[6][7]
Constructional use
It has been historically used as cementing agent along with other ingredients in the construction of several historic buildings.
Use in medieval crucible construction
In medieval times, this bean was used in making crucibles impermeable.[8]
Names
Urad dal is known by various names across South and Southeast Asia. Its name in most languages of India derives from Proto-Dravidian *uẓ-untu-, borrowed into Sanskrit as uḍida:[9]
- Gujarati: અળદ aḷad, અડદ aḍad
- Hindi: उड़द दाल uṛad dāl, उरद दाल urad dāl
- Kannada: ಉದ್ದು uddu, ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ uddina bele
- Marathi: उडीद uḍid
- Malayalam: ഉഴുന്ന് uẓunu
- Sinhala : උඳු undu
- Tamil: உளுந்து uḷuntu
- Tulu: urdu bele
Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskrit māṣa:
Other names include:
- Oriya: ବିରି ଡାଲି biri ḍāli
- Telugu: మినుములు minumulu
- Vietnamese: đậu muồng ăn
See also
References
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Post Harvest Profile of Black Gram" (PDF). Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture. 2006.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw". USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. US Department of Agriculture.
- ^ Menon, P. V.; Kurup, P. A. (1976). "Dietary fibre and cholesterol metabolism: Effect of fibre rich polysaccharide from blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed normal and atherogenic diet". Biomedicine / [publiee pour l'A.A.I.C.I.G.]. 24 (4): 248–53. PMID 990375.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Indira, M.; Kurup, P.A. (September 2013). "Black Gram: A Hypolipidemic Pulse" (PDF). Natural Product Radiance. 2 (5).
- ^ Vijaya J. Deshpande. "Musavijnana or the ancient science of crucibles" (PDF). Indian National Science Academy.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-02512-6.
Bibliography
- H.K. Bakhru (1997). Foods that Heal. The Natural Way to Good Health. Orient Paperbacks. ISBN 81-222-0033-8.
- M. Nitin, S. Ifthekar, M. Mumtaz. 2012. Hepatoprotective activity of Methanolic extract of blackgram. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2(2):62-67.
External links
