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Viśiṣṭacāritra

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Viśiṣṭacāritra or Bodhisattva Superior Practices (Skt; Chinese: 上行; pinyin: Shàngxíng, Japanese: Jōgyō), is a bodhisattva mentioned in the 15th, 21st, and 22nd chapters of the Lotus Sutra. He is one of the four great perfected bodhisattvas who attends Gautama Buddha and protects the Lotus Sutra and its devotees.[1] The other three are Anantacaritra, Visuddhacaritra, and Supratisthitacaritra; together they make up the four great primarily evolved bodhisattvas.[1][2] Viśiṣṭacāritra is also believed to represent the "true self" characteristic of buddhahood, which is the selflessness of Nirvana.[3]

In Nichiren Buddhism

In most schools of Nichiren Buddhism, Nichiren is believed to have fulfilled the vow of Viśiṣṭacāritra during his lifetime.[3] This is because he revealed what he held to be the Superior Practice of chanting the title (daimoku) of the Lotus Sutra, Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō, which would quickly allow all beings to attain enlightenment in their present lifetime, no matter what their capacities.

Nichiren Shōshū, Soka Gakkai and Kempon Hokke

In Nichiren Shōshū, Soka Gakkai and the Kempon Hokke schools, Nichiren is revered as the reincarnation of Viśiṣṭacāritra[4] because he revealed the "cause" of Buddhahood: chanting "Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō", a practice called daimoku, whereas Gautama is seen as the "Buddha of True Effect" as he only revealed the "effect" of Buddhahood.[4] This is based on the passage in Chapter 16 of the Lotus Sutra that reads, "Originally I [Shakyamuni Buddha] practiced the bodhisattva way, and the life that I acquired then has yet to come to an end"[5] Nichiren Shōshū and Soka Gakkai interpret the passage to mean that Gautama Buddha must have practiced something to attain Buddhahood, but in the Lotus Sutra he did not reveal what that practice was, whereas Nichiren taught the daimoku, which leads all beings to Buddhahood.

These groups conclude Shakyamuni Buddha attained buddhahood in the remote past through the daimoku.[5] The Object of Devotion for Observing the Mind states, "Showing profound compassion for those unable to comprehend the gem of the doctrine of three thousand realms in a single moment of life, the Buddha wrapped it within the five characters [of Myōhō Renge Kyō], with which he then adorned the necks of the ignorant people of the latter age."[6]

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ a b Kato 1993, p. 372 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKato1993 (help)
  2. ^ Reeves 2008, p. 280 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFReeves2008 (help)
  3. ^ a b McCormick, Ryuei M. "The Bodhisattvas of the Earth" Nichirenscoffeehouse.net. Nichiren's Coffeehouse and Gohonzon Gallery, 2002. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.
  4. ^ a b "About Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism". Nichiren Shoshu Temple.
  5. ^ a b "'True Buddha'". Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism.
  6. ^ Daishonin, Nichiren. The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin. Soka Gakkai. p. 376. ISBN 9784412010246.
Sources

  • Reeves, Gene (2008). The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-571-3.


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