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Watchtower

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For other uses, see Watchtower (disambiguation).
Saint Thomas Tower in Marsaskala, Malta

A watchtower is a type of fortification used in many parts of the world. It differs from a regular tower in that its primary use is military and from a turret in that it is usually a freestanding structure. Its main purpose is to provide a high, safe place from which a sentinel or guard may observe the surrounding area. In some cases, non-military towers, such as religious towers, may also be used as watchtowers.

History

Military watchtowers

A reconstruction of a Roman Watchtower in Germany

The Romans built numerous towers as part of a system of communications,[1] one example being the towers along Hadrian's Wall in Britain.[2] Romans built many lighthouses,[3] such as the Tower of Hercules in northern Spain, which survives to this day as a working building,[4] and the equally famous lighthouse at Dover Castle, which survives to about half its original height as a ruin.[5]

In medieval Europe, many castles and manor houses, or similar fortified buildings, were equipped with watchtowers.[6] In some of the manor houses of western France, the watchtower equipped with arrow or gun loopholes was one of the principal means of defense. A feudal lord could keep watch over his domain from the top of his tower.

In southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen, small stone and mud towers called "qasaba" were constructed as either watchtowers or keeps in the Asir mountains.[7] Furthermore, in Najd, a watchtower, called "Margab", was used to watch for approaching enemies far in distance and shout calling warnings from atop.[8]

Scotland saw the construction of Peel towers[9] that combined the function of watchtower with that of a keep[10] or tower house[11] that served as the residence for a local notable family.

Għallis Tower, one of the 13 de Redin towers in Malta

Mediterranean countries, and Italy in particular, saw the construction of numerous coastal watchtowers since the early Middle Ages, connected to the menace of Saracen attacks from the various Muslim states existing at the time (such as the Balearic Islands, Ifriqiya or Sicily). Later (starting from the 16th century) many were restored or built against the Barbary pirates.[12]

Han dynasty watchtower near Dunhuang, China

Some notable examples of military Mediterranean watchtowers include the towers that the Knights of Malta had constructed on the coasts of Malta. These towers ranged in size from small watchtowers to large structures armed with numerous cannons. They include the Wignacourt,[13] de Redin,[14] and Lascaris towers,[15] named for the Grand Master, such as Martin de Redin, that commissioned each series.

In the Channel Islands, the Jersey Round Towers[16] and the Guernsey loophole towers[17] date from the late 18th Century. They were erected to give warning of attacks by the French.

The Martello towers[18] that the British built in the UK and elsewhere in the British Empire were defensive fortifications that were armed with cannon and that were often within line of sight of each other. One of the last Martello towers to be built was Fort Denison in Sydney harbour.[19] The most recent descendants of the Martello Towers are the flak towers[20] that the various combatants erected in World War II as mounts for anti-aircraft artillery.

Modern warfare

In modern warfare the relevance of watchtowers has decreased due to the availability of alternative forms of military intelligence, such as reconnaissance by spy satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles. However watch towers have been used in counter-insurgency wars to maintain a military presence in conflict areas in case such as by the French Army in French Indochina, by the British Army and the RUC in Northern Ireland and the IDF in Gaza and West Bank.[citation needed]

Non-military watchtowers

Non-military watch tower, used as a lamp post to illuminate during the night, at Banashankari temple, Karnataka, India

An example of nonmilitary watchtower in history is the one of Jerusalem. Though the Hebrews used it to keep a watch for approaching armies, the religious authorities forbade the taking of weapons up into the tower as this would require bringing weapons through the temple. Rebuilt by King Herod, that watchtower was renamed after Mark Antony, his friend who battled against Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later Augustus) and lost.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sagona, Claudia (2015), 'Melita and Gaulos during the Punic Period, in "The Archeology of Malta", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107006690, p. 239.
  2. ^ "obituary:Brian Dobson". DailY Telegraph. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  3. ^ "Sunken Ruins of Alexandria Will Be World's First Underwater Museum". Earthables. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  4. ^ Baldwin, Thomas (17 August 2017). "A Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer: Containing Topographical, Statistical, and Other Information, of All the More Important Places in the Known World, from the Most Recent and Authentic Sources". Lindsay & Blakiston – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Cathcart King, David J. (1983). Catellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands. Volume I: Anglesey–Montgomery. Kraus International Publications. p. 230.
  6. ^ Timelines TV Interactive video timeline of British history with section on medieval manors.
  7. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. "Asir." 15th edition. Volume 1, "Micropedia". p. 635.
  8. ^ Folda, Jaroslav (5 September 2005). "Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre". Cambridge University Press – via Google Books.
  9. ^ "Peel Towers, the name given to fortresses of the moss-troopers on the Scottish border". p. 490.
  10. ^ Dixon, Philip. (2002) "The Myth of the Keep," in Meirion-Jones, Impey and Jones (ed) (2002). p. 9.
  11. ^ Sidney Toy (1985) Castles: Their Construction and History, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-24898-4 (reissue of Castles: a short history of fortification from 1600 B.C. to A.D. 1600; London: Heinemann, 1939)
  12. ^ * Salvatore Mazzarella, Renato Zanca, Il libro delle Torri, le torri costiere di Sicilia nei secoli XVI-XX , Sellerio, Palermo 1985. ISBN 978-88-389-0089-1
  13. ^ Debono, Charles. "Coastal Towers". Mellieha.com. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  14. ^ "Malta's coastal watch towers". MaltaUncovered.com. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  15. ^ Zammit, Vincent (1984). "Fortifications in the Middle Ages". Civilization. 1. Ħamrun: PEG Ltd: 33.
  16. ^ "Jersey Round Tower number 1:: Grid WV7046 :: Geograph Channel Islands - photograph every grid square!". Channel-islands.geographs.org. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  17. ^ Clements, William H. (1998) Towers of Strength: Martello Towers Worldwide. (London: Pen & Sword). ISBN 978-0-85052-679-0. p. 83-87.
  18. ^ Abram, David (2003) The Rough Guide to Corsica Rough Guides. p. 103.
  19. ^ History of Fort Denison at official website. Accessed 27 March 2013
  20. ^ Bjorkman, James. "Flak Towers of World War II". FilmInspector.com. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
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