Wooden churches in Ukraine
Wooden church architecture in Ukraine dates from the beginning of Christianity and comprises a set of unique styles and forms specific to many sub-regions of the country. As a form of vernacular culture, construction of the churches in specific styles is passed on to subsequent generations. The architectural style of them vary from very simple to complicated involving a high degree of carpentry and wood-cutting artistry.
Aside from tserkvas (Greek Catholic or Eastern Orthodox churches), there are quite of few kosciols (Latin Catholic churches) that are preserved in the Western Ukraine. Some of these churches are still active.
General overview
Nearly 1,900 wooden churches were identified as existing in Ukraine at the end of 2010.[1] When Ukrainians emigrated to the New World in the late 19th century, many used these stylistic forms but adapted their construction to the new materials and new environmental conditions (see e.g. the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Chicago, Illinois). According to the Director of the Lviv National Art Gallery, Borys Voznytsky, the current situation in the preservation of these unique churches in Ukraine is extremely difficult. Fewer churches burnt down in Western Ukraine during the Soviet era than have been burnt down in the post-Soviet period.[2]
Wooden churches of Central and Eastern Ukraine
The wooden church architecture of Central and Eastern Ukraine finds its roots in the first millennium of Christianity in Ukraine from the time of Vladimir the Great in Kiev. While masonry churches prevailed in urban areas, wooden church architecture continued primarily in Ukrainian villages of central and eastern Ukraine. Unlike western Ukraine, there is no clear separation of style based on region. Central Ukrainian churches are similar to the multi-chamber masonry churches of Kievan Rus' but are, instead, constructed in wood. Both framed construction and nail-less styles are also represented.
Wooden churches of Western Ukraine
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pirogiv_church.jpg/200px-Pirogiv_church.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Krivki_church.jpg/200px-Krivki_church.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St.Jura%28002%29.jpg/200px-St.Jura%28002%29.jpg)
Дерев'яні храми України
Relatively isolated peasant cultures in western and Transcarpathian Ukraine were able to maintain construction into the early 20th century in wooden styles. Many ethnographic regions maintained specific styles of architecture aligned to their cultural, environmental and historical differences.
Common to all the regions, in some way, are two techniques of roofing: opasannia, the structure supporting the roof formed from projecting logs from top corners of log walls and pidashshia, a style using opasannia supports, but extending the roofing far enough to form a continuous overhang of the roof around the church perimeter.
In the Lviv region alone, there are 999 churches that are registered monuments of architecture - 398 of which are of national importance - however only 16 of those thousand churches have fire-signalization.[3] Since the post-Soviet era, the Lviv region has already lost some 80 churches to fires.[3] Approximately 2 million hryvnias was granted by the government of the region to finance restoration projects of the churches in 2009.[1]
- Bukovina
The traditional Bukovinian church features a tall gabled roof, but often terminates in splayed roof over the polygonal sanctuary. The roofwork features opasannia and was covered in wooden shingles. The structure was usually built from logs but was often covered in clay and whitewashed, similar to Bukovinian style homes.
- Lemko
Lemko churches most often used a three section church with very tall gabled roofs and a tower over each section with the tower over the entrance being the tallest. Topping each tower is a spire, bearing resemblance to Gothic spires, albeit constructed in Ukrainian style.
- Hutsul
Hutsul churches most often were 5 section cruciform churches, using spruce logs to form walls with opasannia type arcades. The central dome is formed in an octahedral shape with a splayed roof, instead of an onion dome. Also unique to Hutsul churches is the use of tin or metalwork in the upper parts of the church, which are also used in home architecture of the region.
- Boyko
Boyko churches are defined by their three section design, with the central nave being the largest. Intricate, multi-tiered and shingled roofwork is the most distinguishing factor in Boyko church design. The structures used the most traditional techniques, being both frameless walls and rafterless roofs as well as using opasannia and piddashshia.
- Ternopil
Ternopil construction styles are considered a mix of Carpathian style and Kiev styles. Two styles prevail: Ternopil Nave Style and Ternopil Cruciform Style. The nave style used a long rectangular shape with gabled roofing on opposite ends with a small decorative onion dome, often not visible from inside the church. The cruciform style uses an equidistant cruciform pattern with a structural central onion dome, and gabled roofing over each cruciform section. While constructed in wood in villages, this style often used masonry in urban areas.
List of wooden churches in Ukraine
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kolodne_Church.jpg/200px-Kolodne_Church.jpg)
- Apşiţa (Voditsa in Ukrainian, Felso-Apsa-Apsicza in Hungarian)
- Apşa de Mijloc, Susani (Sredneye Vodyanoye is Ukrainian, Kozep Apsa in Hungarian)
- Apşa de Mijloc, Josani
- Apşa din Jos, Părău (Verkhnye Vodyane is Ukrainian, Also-Apsa in Hungarian)
- Danylovo (Dănileşti in Romanian, Sofalva in Hungarian)
- Dulovo (Duleni in Romanian, Dulfalva in Hungarian)
- Ganychi (Găneşti in Romanian, Ganya in Hungarian)
- Holy Trinity Church, Zhovkva
- Kobyletska Poliana (Poiana Cobilei in Romanian and Gyergyanliget in Hungarian)
- Kolodne (Darva in Romanian and Hungarian)
- Krainykovo (Mihalka in Hungarian, formerly Steblivka between 1919–1938 and 1945–1946, Crainiceni in Romanian)
- Neresnytsia (Nereşniţa in Romanian, Also Neresznicze in Hungarian)
- Nyzhnie Selyshche (Săliştea de Jos in Romanian, Also Szelistye in Hungarian)
- Olexandrivka (Sândreni in Romanian, Sandorfalva in Hungarian)
- Ruska Pole I (Domneştii Mari in Romanian, Urmezo in Hungarian)
- Ruska Pole II
- Sokyrnytsia (Săclânţa in Romanian, Szeklencze in Hungarian)
- Steblivka (Duboşari in Romanian, Szaldobos in Hungarian)
- Ternovo (Târnova in Romanian, Kokenyes in Hungarian)
List of wooden churches in Zakarpattia Oblast
- Sredne Vodyane churches
- Verkhnye Vodyane church
- Danylovo church
- Kolodne church
- Krainykovo church
- Nyzhnie Selyshche church
- Olexandrivka church
- Sokyrnytsia church
- Steblivka church
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Carpathian Wooden Churches
- Wooden Tserkvas of Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine
- Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland
- Wooden Churches of the Slovak Carpathians
- Wooden Churches of Maramureş in Romania
- Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians
- Stave church, wooden churches of Scandinavia
References
External links
Bibliography
- Rescuing the Hidden European Wooden Churches Heritage an International Methodology for Implementing a Database for Restoration Projects. Ukraine (Kharkov State Technical University of Construction and Architecture) ... Actual Restoration and Preservation Problems of the Ukrainian Wooden Churches
- Rotoff, Basil. Monuments to Faith: Ukrainian Churches in Manitoba. University of Manitoba Press, 1990.