Yihewani: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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It is mainly in [[Qinghai]], [[Ningxia]] and [[Gansu]] (there in Linxia) and distributed in |
It is mainly in [[Qinghai]], [[Ningxia]] and [[Gansu]] (there in Linxia) and distributed mainly in [[Henan]] and [[Anhui]]. It was the end of the 19th century when the [[Dongxiang]] imam [[Ma Wanfu]] (1849–1934) from the village of [[Guoyuan]] in [[Hezhou]] (now the [[Dongxiang]] Autonomous County was founded in [[Linxia]] Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province) - who had studied in Mecca and was influenced by the [[Wahabi]] movement. After his return to Gansu he sponsored the movement with the so-called Ten [[Imam]].<ref>chin. shi da ahong 十大阿訇; das ''Cihai'' spricht von zehn großen [[Hadschi]]s (shi da haji 十大哈吉).</ref> The school rejected the Sufism. It claimed that the rites and ceremonies not standing in line with the [[Quran]] and the [[Hadith]] should be abolished. It is against grave and Murschid (leader / teacher) worship, and advocates against preaching and da'wa done in Chinese.<ref>Shoujiang Mi, Jia You ([http://www.aboutxinjiang.com/zt/Islam/CHAPTER%202-2%20Birth%20and%20Growth%20of%20Sects%20and%20Menhuans.htm Kap.2.2.: "Birth and Growth of Sects and Menhuans"])</ref> In 1937 It divided into two groups.<ref>[http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/cn_zgwh/2004-06/28/content_53087.htm chinaculture.org: Yihewani pai] (found on March 27, 2010)</ref> |
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Ikhwan (Yihewani) together with Qadim (Gedimu) and Xidaotang the three major sects of islam of China.<ref>Zhongguo de sanda jiaopai 中国的三大教派 bzw. kurz: Sanda jiaopai 三大教派: Gedimu 格底目 (Qadīm), Yihewani 伊赫瓦尼 (Ikhwānī), Xidaotang 西道堂.</ref> |
Ikhwan (Yihewani) together with Qadim (Gedimu) and Xidaotang the three major sects of islam of China.<ref>Zhongguo de sanda jiaopai 中国的三大教派 bzw. kurz: Sanda jiaopai 三大教派: Gedimu 格底目 (Qadīm), Yihewani 伊赫瓦尼 (Ikhwānī), Xidaotang 西道堂.</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:36, 21 September 2011
Yihewani (Chinese: Chinese: 伊赫瓦尼), or Ikhwan (Arabic: الإخوان),(also known as Al Ikhwan al Muslimun, which means Muslim Brotherhood, but not to be confused with the Middle Eastern Muslim Brotherhood) is an Islamic sect in China. Its adherents are called Sunnaiti. It is a Hanafi[1], non-Sufi school of the Sunni tradition. It is also referred to as "new sect" “[2] or "Latest sect"[3].
History
It is mainly in Qinghai, Ningxia and Gansu (there in Linxia) and distributed mainly in Henan and Anhui. It was the end of the 19th century when the Dongxiang imam Ma Wanfu (1849–1934) from the village of Guoyuan in Hezhou (now the Dongxiang Autonomous County was founded in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province) - who had studied in Mecca and was influenced by the Wahabi movement. After his return to Gansu he sponsored the movement with the so-called Ten Imam.[4] The school rejected the Sufism. It claimed that the rites and ceremonies not standing in line with the Quran and the Hadith should be abolished. It is against grave and Murschid (leader / teacher) worship, and advocates against preaching and da'wa done in Chinese.[5] In 1937 It divided into two groups.[6]
Ikhwan (Yihewani) together with Qadim (Gedimu) and Xidaotang the three major sects of islam of China.[7]
Yihewani sect was labeled as the new teaching (xinjiao).[8]
In the Dungan Revolt (1895) the Yihewani backed the rebels against the Qing dynasty. However, the muslim rebels were crushed by loyalist muslims.
Ideology and Relationship with the State
Repression in the Qing dynasty
The Khafiya Sufi General Ma Anliang, especially hated the Yihewani leader Ma Wanfu, so much that when the Han general Yang Zengxin captured Ma Wanfu, Ma Anliang arranged to have him shipped to Gansu so he could execute him. As Qing authority broke down in China, the Gedimu Sunnis and Khafiya Sufis went on a vicious campaign to murder Ma Wanfu and stamp out his Wahhabi inspired teachings.[9][10] The leaders of menhuans attacked Ma Wanfu, and the Gedimu requested that the Qing governor in Lanzhou inflict punishment upon Ma Wanfu.[11]
Cooperation with the Kuomintang in the Republic of China
Eventually, under Imams like Hu Songshan, the Yihewani was transformed from an anti assimilationist, fundamentalist brotherhood, into a modernist, Chinese nationalist sect which was supported by the Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang party, promoting modern secular education and nationalism.[12]
The Yihewani was then backed by the Ma Clique muslim warlords, who were members of the Chinese National People's Party (Kuomintang), which espoused Chinese nationalism, and the Three Principles of the People. It was favored over the major Sufi menhuans such as the Sufi Jahriyya, Sufi Khafiya. The Salafis and Wahhabis were crushed by the Yihewani during this period.
Yihewani Imams reacted with hostility to Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing, who attempted to introduce Wahhabism/Salafism as the main form of Islam. They were branded as traitors, and Wahhabi teachings were deemed as heresy by the Yihewani leaders. Ma Debao established a Salafi/Wahhbi order, called the Sailaifengye(Salafi) menhuan in Lanzhou and Linxia, and it is a completely separate sect than other Muslim sects in China.[13]
Salafis have a repuation for radicalism among the Hanafi Sunni Gedimu and Yihewani. Sunni muslim Hui avoid Salafis, even if they are family members, and they constantly fight.[14]
The Kuomintang Sufi Muslim General Ma Bufang, who backed the Yihewani, persecuted the Salafi/Wahhabis. The Yihewani forced the Salafis into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalist, and they considered the Salafiyya to be "Heterodox" (xie jiao), and people who followed foreigner's teachings (waidao). Only after the Communists took over were the Salafis allowed to come out and worship openly.[15]
Literature
- Shoujiang Mi, Jia You: Islam in China, Chinese Intercontinental Press, 2004; ISBN 7-5085-0533-6 (web)
- Hu Fan: Islam in Shaanxi: Past and Present. Diss. Bonn 2008
- Mikko Suutarinen: The Dongxiang People of Gansu - Ethnic, Religious and Local Identities (Religious Identity) (PDF-Datei; 320 kB)
- Michael Dillon: China's Muslim Hui Community 1999
- Dru C. Gladney: Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic (Wahhabi Muslim Brotherhood, S.55 f.)
Chinese Literature
- Ma Kexun 马克勋: "Zhongguo Yisilanjiao Yihewanyi pai di changdaozhe - Ma Wanfu (Guoyuan)" 中国伊斯兰教伊赫瓦尼派的倡导者——马万福（果园） [The founder of China's Islamic Ikhwan movement: Ma Wanfu (Guoyuan)]. In: Yisilanjiao zai Zhongguo [Islam in China], ed. Gansu Provincial Ethnology Department. Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin chubanshe 1982 (Chinese)
- Ma Zhanbiao: "Yihewani jiaopei yu Ma Wanfu" (Yihewani and Ma Wanfu), In: Xibei Huizu yu Yiselanjiao. Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin chubanshe 1994 (Chinese)
References
- Cihai ("Sea of words“), Shanghai cishu chubanshe, Shanghai 2002, ISBN 7-5326-0839-5
- ^ One of the four major schools of Islam.
- ^ chinese Xinjiao pai 新教派
- ^ chin. Xinxinjiao 新新教
- ^ chin. shi da ahong 十大阿訇; das Cihai spricht von zehn großen Hadschis (shi da haji 十大哈吉).
- ^ Shoujiang Mi, Jia You (Kap.2.2.: "Birth and Growth of Sects and Menhuans")
- ^ chinaculture.org: Yihewani pai (found on March 27, 2010)
- ^ Zhongguo de sanda jiaopai 中国的三大教派 bzw. kurz: Sanda jiaopai 三大教派: Gedimu 格底目 (Qadīm), Yihewani 伊赫瓦尼 (Ikhwānī), Xidaotang 西道堂.
- ^ Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987, Volume 3. 1987. p. 29. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Gail Hershatter (1996). Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain. Stanford California: Stanford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0804725098. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Aliya Ma Lynn (2007). Muslims in China. University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0880938617. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 103. ISBN 0700710264. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Gail Hershatter (1996). Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain. Stanford California: Stanford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0804725098. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 104. ISBN 0700710264. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Maris Boyd Gillette (2000). Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims. Stanford University Press. p. 79, 80. ISBN 0804736944. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ BARRY RUBIN (2000). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. ISBN 0765617471. Retrieved 2010-6-28.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help)