Jinmeiyō kanji
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The jinmeiyō kanji (人名用漢字, Japanese pronunciation: [dʑimmeːjoːkaꜜɲdʑi], lit. 'kanji for use in personal names') are a set of 863 Chinese characters known as "name kanji" in English. They are a supplementary list of characters that can legally be used in registered personal names in Japan, despite not being in the official list of "commonly used characters" (jōyō kanji). "Jinmeiyō kanji" is sometimes used to refer to the characters in both the jinmeiyō and jōyō lists because some Japanese names do not require the specified jinmeiyō kanji and are written entirely in jōyō kanji. Hence, jōyō kanji can also be viewed as a subset of jinmeiyō kanji.[citation needed]
A ministerial decree of 1946 limited the number of officially sanctioned kanji for public use to the 1,850 tōyō kanji. Only kanji on this list were acceptable as registered names, despite the fact that the list excluded many kanji frequently used in names up to that point. However, on May 25, 1951, the cabinet extended the set of characters usable in names by specifying the first 90 jinmeiyō kanji.
Over the years, the Minister of Justice has increased the number of name kanji, and has a plan for further addition in response to requests from parents. As of April 30, 2009, there were 985 jinmeiyō kanji, but this number was reduced to 861 in late 2010 when 129 jinmeiyō characters were transferred to the jōyō kanji list, and 5 characters were transferred from the jōyō kanji list to jinmeiyō characters. In 2015 and 2017, 2 kanji in total were added to the jinmeiyō list, making the total number 863.
In Japan, name kanji are taught at the junior-high level.[citation needed]
History
[edit]Below is a list of changes made to the jinmeiyō kanji list since its creation in 1951.
May 25, 1951
[edit]The first 92 characters of jinmeiyō kanji were published:
- 丑 丞 乃 之 也 亘 亥 亦 亨 亮 伊 匡 卯 只 吾 哉 嘉 圭 宏 寅 巌 巳 庄 弘 彦 悌 敦 昌 晃 晋 智 暢 朋 桂 桐 楠 橘 欣 欽 毅 浩 淳 爾 猪 玲 琢 瑞 磯 祐 禄 禎 稔 穣 綾 惣 聡 肇 胤 蔦 蘭 蝶 輔 辰 郁 酉 靖 馨 鯉 鯛 麿
This would include seven kanji which would become part of the original jōyō kanji in 1981:
- 仙 尚 杉 甚 磨 斉 龍
With the last one 龍 (dragon, traditional version) also being simplified to 竜 (dragon, simplified version).
This would also include fifteen kanji which would be transferred to the jōyō kanji in 2010:
- 呂 奈 弥 熊 睦 艶 藤 虎 錦 鎌 須 駒 鶴 鹿 亀
July 30, 1976
[edit]28 kanji were added, for a total of 120 characters.
- 佑 允 冴 喬 怜 旭 杏 梓 梢 梨 沙 渚 瑠 瞳 紗 紘 絢 翠 耶 芙 茜 藍 那 阿 隼 鮎 葵
One would become part of the original jōyō kanji in 1981: 悠.
October 1, 1981
[edit]The jōyō kanji list was introduced, which included seven of the original 92 jinmeiyō kanji from 1951 (mentioned above), plus one of the 28 new jinmeiyō kanji from 1976 (also mentioned above); those eight were thus removed from the jinmeiyō kanji list. 54 other characters were added for a total of 166 name characters.
- 伍 伶 侑 尭 孟 峻 嵩 嶺 巴 彬 惇 惟 慧 斐 旦 昂 李 栗 楓 槙 汐 洵 洸 渥 瑛 瑶 璃 甫 皓 眸 矩 碧 笹 緋 翔 脩 苑 茉 莉 萌 萩 蓉 蕗 虹 諒 赳 迪 遥 遼 霞 頌 駿 鳩 鷹
March 1, 1990
[edit]118 kanji were added for a total of 284 characters.
- 伎 伽 侃 倖 倭 偲 冶 凌 凜 凪 捺 於 旺 昴 晏 晟 晨 暉 曙 朔 凱 勁 叡 叶 唄 啄 奎 媛 嬉 宥 崚 嵐 嵯 巽 彗 彪 恕 憧 拳 捷 杜 柊 柚 柾 栞 梧 椋 椎 椰 椿 楊 榛 槻 樺 檀 毬 汀 汰 洲 湧 滉 漱 澪 熙 燎 燦 燿 爽 玖 琳 瑚 瑳 皐 眉 瞭 碩 秦 稀 稜 竣 笙 紬 絃 綜 綸 綺 耀 胡 舜 芹 茄 茅 莞 菖 菫 蒔 蒼 蓮 蕉 衿 袈 裟 詢 誼 諄 邑 醇 采 雛 鞠 颯 魁 鳳 鴻 鵬 麟 黎 黛
December 3, 1997
[edit]1 kanji was added, for a total of 285 characters.
- 琉
February 23, 2004
[edit]1 kanji was added, for a total of 286 characters.
- 曽
June 7, 2004
[edit]1 kanji was added, for a total of 287 characters.
- 獅
June 11, 2004
[edit]No addition to the jinmeiyō kanji was made on this date. However, a plan for 578 additions was put forward to the council on jinmeiyō kanji of the legislative council of the Ministry of Justice. The list included certain characters in strong demand by parents for use in their children's names, such as:
- 苺 (ichigo, "strawberry")
- 遙 (haruka, "distant", traditional variant)
- 煌 (akira, "scintillating")
- 牙 (kiba, "fang")
Many others were included not for their potential uses in names (as is noted), but rather because of their frequent use and being easy to read and write. Examples include:
- 糞 (kuso, "excrement")
- 呪 (noroi, "curse")
- 屍 (shikabane, "corpse")
- 癌 (gan, "cancer")
At this same council, the decision was made to call for suggestions on characters to be included or excluded via the Ministry of Justice website, until July 9, 2004.
July 12, 2004
[edit]3 kanji were added, for a total of 290 characters.
- 毘 瀧 駕
July 23, 2004
[edit]No additions were made. After sharp protests, the council decided to withdraw nine characters from the 489 whose inclusion had been discussed. These nine characters were:
- 糞 (kuso, "excrement")
- 呪 (noroi, "curse")
- 屍 (shikabane, "corpse")
- 癌 (gan, "cancer")
- 姦 (kan, "rape, seduction")
- 淫 (midara, "obscene")
- 怨 (urami, "resentment")
- 痔 (ji, "hemorrhoids")
- 妾 (mekake, "concubine")
The 480 other characters still remained under consideration for inclusion, with one additional character added to them, namely 掬 (kiku, "to draw up water with one's hands").
September 27, 2004
[edit]484 characters[which?] and variant forms of 209 jōyō kanji were added, bringing the total number of the jinmeiyō kanji to 983.
April 30, 2009
[edit]2 more characters were added for a total number of 985 characters.
- 祷 穹
November 30, 2010
[edit]In late 2010, the Japanese government added 196 characters to the jōyō kanji list. The list now includes 129 characters previously classified as jinmeiyō kanji, 11 of which are currently used in Japanese prefectures or nearby countries:[1][2]
- 茨 (ibara in 茨城県, Ibaraki Prefecture)
- 媛 (hime in 愛媛県, Ehime Prefecture)
- 岡 (oka in 静岡県, Shizuoka Prefecture)
- 韓 (kan in 韓国, South Korea)
- 熊 (kuma in 熊本県, Kumamoto Prefecture)
- 埼 (sai or saki) in 埼玉県, Saitama Prefecture)
- 栃 (tochi in 栃木県, Tochigi Prefecture)
- 奈 (na in 奈良県, Nara Prefecture)
- 梨 (nashi in 山梨県, Yamanashi Prefecture)
- 阪 (saka in 大阪, Osaka)
- 阜 (fu in 岐阜県, Gifu Prefecture)
At the same time, 5 characters deleted from the jōyō kanji list were added to the jinmeiyō kanji list, making the total number of jinmeiyō kanji 861:
- 勺 (shaku (しゃく), an old unit of measure approx. 18ml in volume, or 0.033m2 in area)
- 錘 (sui (すい) or tsumu (つむ), a spindle or weight)
- 銑 (sen (せん), pig iron)
- 脹 (chō (ちょう) or fuku[reru] (ふく[れる]), to swell or bulge; mostly used in the compound 膨脹, normally rewritten with 張 instead)
- 匁 (monme (もんめ), a unit of weight approx 3.75g)
January 7, 2015
[edit]1 kanji was added, for a total of 862 characters.
- 巫 (kannagi (かんなぎ), spiritual medium, oracle, shaman, shrine maiden)
September 25, 2017
[edit]1 kanji was added, for a total of 863 characters.[3]
- 渾
List of jinmeiyō kanji
[edit]The list is split into two parts:
- 633 characters which do not appear in the list of jōyō kanji (regular-use kanji). 18 of these have a variant, bringing the number of character forms to 651.
- 212 characters which are traditional forms (kyūjitai) of characters present in the list of jōyō kanji.
Jinmeiyō kanji not part of the jōyō kanji
[edit]Variants are given in parentheses.
- 丑 丞 乃 之 乎 也 云 亘（亙）些 亦 亥 亨 亮 仔 伊 伍 伽 佃 佑 伶 侃 侑 俄 俠 俣 俐 倭 俱 倦 倖 偲 傭 儲 允 兎 兜 其 冴 凌 凜（凛）凧 凪 凰 凱 函 劉 劫 勁 勺 勿 匁 匡 廿 卜 卯 卿 厨 厩 叉 叡 叢 叶 只 吾 吞 吻 哉 哨 啄 哩 喬 喧 喰 喋 嘩 嘉 嘗 噌 噂 圃 圭 坐 尭（堯）坦 埴 堰 堺 堵 塙 壕 壬 夷 奄 奎 套 娃 姪 姥 娩 嬉 孟 宏 宋 宕 宥 寅 寓 寵 尖 尤 屑 峨 峻 崚 嵯 嵩 嶺 巌（巖）巫 已 巳 巴 巷 巽 帖 幌 幡 庄 庇 庚 庵 廟 廻 弘 弛 彗 彦 彪 彬 徠 忽 怜 恢 恰 恕 悌 惟 惚 悉 惇 惹 惺 惣 慧 憐 戊 或 戟 托 按 挺 挽 掬 捲 捷 捺 捧 掠 揃 摑 摺 撒 撰 撞 播 撫 擢 孜 敦 斐 斡 斧 斯 於 旭 昂 昊 昏 昌 昴 晏 晃（晄）晒 晋 晟 晦 晨 智 暉 暢 曙 曝 曳 朋 朔 杏 杖 杜 李 杭 杵 杷 枇 柑 柴 柘 柊 柏 柾 柚 桧（檜）栞 桔 桂 栖 桐 栗 梧 梓 梢 梛 梯 桶 梶 椛 梁 棲 椋 椀 楯 楚 楕 椿 楠 楓 椰 楢 楊 榎 樺 榊 榛 槙（槇）槍 槌 樫 槻 樟 樋 橘 樽 橙 檎 檀 櫂 櫛 櫓 欣 欽 歎 此 殆 毅 毘 毬 汀 汝 汐 汲 沌 沓 沫 洸 洲 洵 洛 浩 浬 淵 淳 渚（渚︀）淀 淋 渥 渾 湘 湊 湛 溢 滉 溜 漱 漕 漣 澪 濡 瀕 灘 灸 灼 烏 焰 焚 煌 煤 煉 熙 燕 燎 燦 燭 燿 爾 牒 牟 牡 牽 犀 狼 猪（猪︀）獅 玖 珂 珈 珊 珀 玲 琢（琢︀）琉 瑛 琥 琶 琵 琳 瑚 瑞 瑶 瑳 瓜 瓢 甥 甫 畠 畢 疋 疏 皐 皓 眸 瞥 矩 砦 砥 砧 硯 碓 碗 碩 碧 磐 磯 祇 祢（禰）祐（祐︀）祷（禱）禄（祿）禎（禎︀）禽 禾 秦 秤 稀 稔 稟 稜 穣（穰）穹 穿 窄 窪 窺 竣 竪 竺 竿 笈 笹 笙 笠 筈 筑 箕 箔 篇 篠 簞 簾 籾 粥 粟 糊 紘 紗 紐 絃 紬 絆 絢 綺 綜 綴 緋 綾 綸 縞 徽 繫 繡 纂 纏 羚 翔 翠 耀 而 耶 耽 聡 肇 肋 肴 胤 胡 脩 腔 脹 膏 臥 舜 舵 芥 芹 芭 芙 芦 苑 茄 苔 苺 茅 茉 茸 茜 莞 荻 莫 莉 菅 菫 菖 萄 菩 萌（萠）萊 菱 葦 葵 萱 葺 萩 董 葡 蓑 蒔 蒐 蒼 蒲 蒙 蓉 蓮 蔭 蔣 蔦 蓬 蔓 蕎 蕨 蕉 蕃 蕪 薙 蕾 蕗 藁 薩 蘇 蘭 蝦 蝶 螺 蟬 蟹 蠟 衿 袈 袴 裡 裟 裳 襖 訊 訣 註 詢 詫 誼 諏 諄 諒 謂 諺 讃 豹 貰 賑 赳 跨 蹄 蹟 輔 輯 輿 轟 辰 辻 迂 迄 辿 迪 迦 這 逞 逗 逢 遥（遙）遁 遼 邑 祁 郁 鄭 酉 醇 醐 醍 醬 釉 釘 釧 銑 鋒 鋸 錘 錐 錆 錫 鍬 鎧 閃 閏 閤 阿 陀 隈 隼 雀 雁 雛 雫 霞 靖 鞄 鞍 鞘 鞠 鞭 頁 頌 頗 顚 颯 饗 馨 馴 馳 駕 駿 驍 魁 魯 鮎 鯉 鯛 鰯 鱒 鱗 鳩 鳶 鳳 鴨 鴻 鵜 鵬 鷗 鷲 鷺 鷹 麒 麟 麿 黎 黛 鼎
Below are the 18 characters that are variant forms of characters in the list above. For each variant form, the corresponding standard form ("non-variant" form) is in parentheses.
- 亙（亘） 凛（凜） 堯（尭） 巖（巌） 晄（晃） 檜（桧） 槇（槙） 渚︀（渚） 猪︀（猪） 琢︀（琢） 禰（祢） 祐︀（祐） 禱（祷） 祿（禄） 禎︀（禎） 穰（穣） 萠（萌） 遙（遥）
Traditional variants of jōyō kanji
[edit]The modern form (shinjitai), which appears in the jōyō kanji list, is given in brackets.[4][5]
- 亞（亜） 惡（悪） 爲（為） 逸︁（逸） 榮（栄） 衞（衛） 謁︀（謁） 圓（円） 緣（縁） 薗（園） 應（応） 櫻（桜） 奧（奥） 橫（横） 溫（温） 價（価） 禍︀（禍） 悔︀（悔） 海︀（海） 壞（壊） 懷（懐） 樂（楽） 渴（渇） 卷（巻） 陷（陥） 寬（寛） 漢︀（漢） 氣（気） 祈︀（祈） 器︀（器） 僞（偽） 戲（戯） 虛（虚） 峽（峡） 狹（狭） 響︀（響） 曉（暁） 勤︀（勤） 謹︀（謹） 駈（駆） 勳（勲） 薰（薫） 惠（恵） 揭（掲） 鷄（鶏） 藝（芸） 擊（撃） 縣（県） 儉（倹） 劍（剣） 險（険） 圈（圏） 檢（検） 顯（顕） 驗（験） 嚴（厳） 廣（広） 恆（恒） 黃（黄） 國（国） 黑（黒） 穀︀（穀） 碎（砕） 雜（雑） 祉︀（祉） 視︀（視） 兒（児） 濕（湿） 實（実） 社︀（社） 者︀（者） 煮︀（煮） 壽（寿） 收（収） 臭︀（臭） 從（従） 澁（渋） 獸（獣） 縱（縦） 祝︀（祝） 暑︀（暑） 署︀（署） 緖（緒） 諸︀（諸） 敍（叙） 將（将） 祥︀（祥） 涉（渉） 燒（焼） 奬（奨） 條（条） 狀（状） 乘（乗） 淨（浄） 剩（剰） 疊（畳） 孃（嬢） 讓（譲） 釀（醸） 神︀（神） 眞（真） 寢（寝） 愼（慎） 盡（尽） 粹（粋） 醉（酔） 穗（穂） 瀨（瀬） 齊（斉） 靜（静） 攝（摂） 節︀（節） 專（専） 戰（戦） 纖（繊） 禪（禅） 祖︀（祖） 壯（壮） 爭（争） 莊（荘） 搜（捜） 巢（巣） 曾（曽） 裝（装） 僧︀（僧） 層︀（層） 瘦（痩） 騷（騒） 增（増） 憎︀（憎） 藏（蔵） 贈︀（贈） 臟（臓） 卽（即） 帶（帯） 滯（滞） 瀧（滝） 單（単） 嘆︀（嘆） 團（団） 彈（弾） 晝（昼） 鑄（鋳） 著︀（著） 廳（庁） 徵（徴） 聽（聴） 懲︀（懲） 鎭（鎮） 轉（転） 傳（伝） 都︀（都） 嶋（島） 燈（灯） 盜（盗） 稻（稲） 德（徳） 突︀（突） 難︀（難） 拜（拝） 盃（杯） 賣（売） 梅︀（梅） 髮（髪） 拔（抜） 繁︀（繁） 晚（晩） 卑︀（卑） 祕（秘） 碑︀（碑） 賓︀（賓） 敏︀（敏） 冨（富） 侮︀（侮） 福︀（福） 拂（払） 佛（仏） 勉︀（勉） 步（歩） 峯（峰） 墨︀（墨） 飜（翻） 每（毎） 萬（万） 默（黙） 埜（野） 彌（弥） 藥（薬） 與（与） 搖（揺） 樣（様） 謠（謡） 來（来） 賴（頼） 覽（覧） 欄︀（欄） 龍󠄂（竜） 虜︀（虜） 凉（涼） 綠（緑） 淚（涙） 壘（塁） 類︀（類） 禮（礼） 曆（暦） 歷（歴） 練︁（練） 鍊（錬） 郞（郎） 朗︀（朗） 廊︀（廊） 錄（録）
Actual usage in names
[edit]Usage of the jinmeiyō kanji in Japanese names varies widely. For example, 之, is used in over 6,000 names, and the 53 kanji used most commonly in names are all in over 500 names each.[6]
See also
[edit]
External links
[edit]- List of Jōyō Kanji (Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs)
- List of Jinmeiyō Kanji (Japanese Ministry of Justice)
References
[edit]- ^ Shiraishi, Akihiko (23 October 2009). "「柿」など９字追加、「鷹」は選外 新常用漢字の修正案" [New draft table adds 196 everyday-use kanji]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ Noguchi, Mary Sisk (21 October 2009). "Get set for next year's overhaul of official kanji". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
- ^ "人名用漢字に「渾」追加 司法判断を受け法務省". 日本経済新聞. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
- ^ 加除_17_05_30 別表第二の表 Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, p. 5.
- ^ "第2回 インフラ | 10分でわかるカタカナ語（三省堂編修所） | 三省堂 ことばのコラム". Archived from the original on 2023-02-11. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ "The Jinmeiyō Kanji (人名用漢字)". Kanshudo. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
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