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Self-balancing scooter

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This article is about compact two-wheeled self-balancing devices often referred to as hoverboards. For other self-balancing scooters, see Personal transporter § Self-balancing scooter. For self-levitating boards in science-fiction, see Hoverboard.
A self-balancing scooter (hoverboard)

A self-balancing scooter (also hoverboard, self-balancing board, segway,[1] swegway or electric scooter board) is a self-balancing personal transporter consisting of two motorized wheels connected to a pair of articulated pads on which the rider places their feet. The rider controls the speed by leaning forward or backward, and direction of travel by twisting the pads.

Invented in its current form in early 2013, the device is the subject of complex patent disputes. Volume manufacture started in China in 2014 and early units were prone to catching fire due to an overheating battery which resulted in product recalls in 2016, including over 500,000 units sold in the United States by eight manufacturers. There have been 23 official recalls since 2016, affecting around 1,115,200 units in total.[2]

History

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A cosplayer riding a self-balancing board at the 2015 Wizard World Chicago

Shane Chen, an American businessman and founder of Inventist filed a patent for a device of this type in February 2013[3] and launched a Kickstarter fund-raising campaign in May 2013.[4]

The devices' increasing popularity in Western countries has been attributed, initially, to endorsement by the wide array of celebrities (including Justin Bieber, Jamie Foxx, Kendall Jenner, Chris Brown, Soulja Boy and Wiz Khalifa).[5][6][7][8] The founders of the American company PhunkeeTree encountered the board at the Hong Kong Electronics Show in 2014 and became involved in its distribution shortly thereafter.[5]

By June 2015, the board was being made by several manufacturers, mainly in the Shenzhen region of China.[9] In January 2015 through Inventist, he announced his intention to pursue litigation[10] In April 2015, Ninebot, a significant manufacturer of devices acquired Segway Inc. (which separately asserted that it holds patents for self-balancing scooters.[citation needed]) in order to resolve the dispute.[11] In May, Chen voiced his frustrations regarding patent rights in China.[12] In August 2015, Mark Cuban announced plans to purchase the Hovertrax patents from Chen.[13] Many of the units provided in the first year of manufacture were defective and likely to catch fire, resulting in a major product recall from multiple manufacturers during 2016 (more details below).[14][15][16][17]

In June 2016 the U.S. International Trade Commission issued an injunction for patent infringement against UPTECH, U.P. Technology, U.P. Robotics, FreeGo China, EcoBoomer, and Roboscooters. Robstep, INMOTION, Tech in the City, FreeGo settled with Segway.[18]

Etymology of "hoverboard"

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The use of the term "hoverboard" to describe these devices, despite the fact that they do not hover, has led to considerable discussion in the media.[19][20][21]

The first use of the term for can be traced back to a 1967 science fiction novel by M. K. Joseph and subsequently popularized in the 1989 film, Back to the Future Part II where Marty McFly uses one after traveling to 2015.[22] While the first trademarked use of hoverboard was registered in 1996 as a collecting and trading game, its first use as a commercial name representing a wheeled scooter was in 1999,[citation needed] and Guinness World Records lists a farthest hoverboard flight entry.[23] In September 2015 the Oxford English Dictionary stated in their view the term had not been in use in the context for long enough for inclusion and that for the time being they would restrict their description to boards "that Marty McFly would recognize".[24][25] The term "self-balancing electric scooter" remains popular.[26]

Design and operation

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How to ride self-balancing scooter images step by step

The device has three 6.5 inches (170 mm), 8 inches (200 mm), 10 inches (250 mm) diameter wheel[27][28] variants connected to a self-balancing control mechanism using built-in gyroscopic and a sensor pad. By tilting the pad the rider can control the speed and direction of travel achieving speeds from 6 to 15 miles per hour (9.7 to 24 km/h)[29] with a range of up to 15 miles (24 km) dependent on model, terrain, rider weight and other factors.[27]

As with most wheeled vehicles where the rider is exposed, Consumer Reports has recommended that users wear appropriate safety gear while using them.[30]

In 2019, hoverboards now feature a self balancing mode, in which the motors automatically engage the gyroscope in the opposite direction. This way, when the rider leans forward or backward the board is always attempting to level itself, making it easier to ride than its 2016 predecessors.[31]

Issues and incidents

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A Customs and Border Protection officer at the Chicago field office stands between aisles of seized counterfeit hoverboards.

There were many instances of units catching fire, with claims that they were responsible for numerous residential fires between late 2015 into 2016.[11] In the United Kingdom, authorities expressed concerns with the boards, regarding possible faulty wiring.[32] Many airlines banned the transportation of the boards, both as stored or carry-on luggage.[33]

The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) launched an investigation into the safety of the device in late 2015[34] and determined that the lithium-ion battery packs in the self-balancing scooters/hoverboards could overheat and posed a risk of catching fire or exploding, and that defects had led to 60 fires in over 20 states.[35] In July 2016 the commission ordered the recall of over 500,000 units from eight manufacturers. The Swagway model X1 constituted the majority of the recalled "hoverboards," at 267,000 units.[36][37]

In January 2016, the Philippine Department of Health and Trade and Industry issued a joint advisory cautioning the public against buying them, due to reports of injuries and "potential electrocution connected with its usage". The advisory also stated “as a precautionary measure, the DOH and DTI-Consumer Protection Group therefore advise parents against buying hoverboards for children under 14 years of age.”[38]

In May 2016, the miniPRO produced by Segway Inc. received UL certification, as did a company in Shenzhen, China.[11] In June 2016, after safety improvements in design, the UL-approved Swagtron was launched in the United States.[39]

In March 2017, a self-balancing board was found to be the cause for a fire that killed two children in Harrisburg.[40]

In 2018, a self-balancing board was blamed for a fire that severely damaged a Michigan home.[41]

In March 2023, a self-balancing board was recalled for causing an April 2022 fire in Hellertown, Pennsylvania that killed two sisters.[42]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Williams, Zoe (2015-10-16). "Move over cars, the Swegway is here. Or it would be if it wasn't illegal". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  2. ^ Rasmus Barslund (23 January 2024). "Full list of U.S. hoverboard recalls". ERideHero.
  3. ^ Two-wheel, self-balancing vehicle with independently movable foot placement sections US 8738278 B2
  4. ^ "Hovertrax". Kickstarter. 1 May 2013.
  5. ^ a b Pierce, David (29 June 2015). "The Weird Origin Story of the World's Most Viral Scooter". Wired. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  6. ^ Rick Broida (August 26, 2015). "Meet the 'hoverboard' that got Wiz Khalifa arrested". Fortune.
  7. ^ Naushad K Cherrayil (October 5, 2015). "Hoverboards seen hogging limelight at Gitex Shopper". Gulf News.
  8. ^ Robert A. Chronkleton (September 20, 2015). "2-wheel electric scooters take off". The Kansas City Star.
  9. ^ Joseph Bernstein (November 27, 2015). "How To Make Millions Of Hoverboards (Almost) Overnight". Buzzfeed. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  10. ^ Jerry Beilinson (7 January 2015). "Hovertrax and the battle of the auto-balancing skateboards". Consumer Reports.
  11. ^ a b c Hiawatha Bray (13 May 2016). "Segway pounces on hoverboard market". Boston Globe.
  12. ^ Kaiman, Jonathan (May 30, 2015). "For Solowheel maker, a patent rights nightmare in China". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ^ CW33 (September 18, 2015). "Patent wars: Mark Cuban involved in 'hoverboard' battle". AOL. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Dan Hyde (December 16, 2015). "Amazon tells customers: Get rid of your exploding hoverboards". The Telegraph.
  15. ^ James Eng (December 16, 2015). "Man Sues Hoverboard Maker Swagway Over Fire That Damaged His Home". NBC News.
  16. ^ "Is The Popular Hoverboard The Most Dangerous Holiday Gift?". CBS Detroit. December 29, 2015.
  17. ^ "Hoverboard sparks house fire in Australia". The Telegraph. January 5, 2015.
  18. ^ "Certain Personal Transporters, Components Thereof, and Manuals Therefor; Issuance of a General Exclusion Order, a Limited Exclusion Order, and a Cease and Desist Order, Termination of Investigation". Federal Register. 13 June 2016.
  19. ^ Nick Statt (January 8, 2016). "They're called hoverboards now, and there's nothing we can do about it". The Verge.
  20. ^ Jessica Contrera (August 31, 2015). "Your fancy scooter is cool, but it's not a 'hoverboard.' Why don't we have hoverboards yet?". Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  21. ^ Rachel Bishop (December 30, 2015). "5 reasons you CAN call it a hoverboard even if it doesn't hover". Metro.co.uk.
  22. ^ Shea, Ammon. "Hoverboard". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2016-04-23. The word hoverboard has recently seen a dramatic surge in use, as a result of it being widely used to describe a kind of scooter, one which has two wheels attached to a small platform and is operated in a hands-free fashion. That it does not hover seems not to bother people as much as the fact that the devices are, at least in this early state of development, rather prone to catching on fire. [...] Although the word hoverboard did not enjoy widespread use until after this cinematic exposure, it did exist before this time. In 1986 it appeared in an issue of Texas Monthly magazine, in Stephan Harrington's imagining of what Texas might look like in the year 2036 [...] But the earliest currently known use of the word, by a long shot, comes from a 1967 book by M. K. Joseph, The Hole in the Zero. This novel, subtitled A Story of the Future, falls into the genre of what might be called speculative science-fiction. [...] We should not be so surprised that the wheeled variety now so seemingly ubiquitous should have been granted its slightly imprecise name; when you come down to it, hoverboard is probably a catchier name than rollerboard and certainly preferable to fireboard.
  23. ^ Kevin Lynch (April 30, 2016). "Confirmed: Franky Zapata sets new Farthest hoverboard flight record in France". Guinness World Records. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  24. ^ "hoverboard". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  25. ^ Jonathan Dent (September 2015). "New words notes September 2015". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 14, 2015. But what is a real hoverboard? The prototypes unveiled by Lexus and ArxPax recently clearly satisfy the most important criteria for Back to the Future fans: they hover. Both rely on the repelling power of intense magnetic fields—generated by superconducting magnets cooled by liquid nitrogen—acting on a special magnetized track. So neither holds out the possibility that we'll all be zooming around towns and cities on them anytime soon. On the other hand, the boards ridden by rapper Wiz Khalifa at Los Angeles airport recently (ridden, that is, until police wrestled him to the ground), and by a pilgrim performing the tawaf in Mecca are hoverboards in name only: the word is currently registered as a trademark in the US and the UK by manufacturers of a miniature, Segway-style, two-wheeled vehicle which stays firmly on the ground. Whether these devices take off (while not actually taking off) remains to be seen; certainly, they haven't been round long enough to be included in the new OED entry, which restricts itself to boards that Marty McFly would recognize
  26. ^ Adario Strange (April 16, 2016). "The rise and fall of the hoverboard". Mashable. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  27. ^ a b "Top 10 Best Hoverboards in 2017 – Buyer's guide". top10thebest. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  28. ^ "Swagtron T6 Off-Road Hoverboard - Self Balancing Scooter with 10" Wheel". Best offroad hoverboard. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  29. ^ "What's the Hoverboard's Top Speed?". Best electric hoverboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  30. ^ Christopher Raymond (December 15, 2015). "Hoverboard Safety: Consumer Reports Puts Self-Balancing Scooters to the Test". Consumer Reports. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  31. ^ "2019's Hoverboard Price Guide - How to choose the best Hoverboard". GOTRAX. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  32. ^ Tomlinson, R. Tyler (16 December 2015). "Holiday Safety Concerns: Hoverboards Catching on Fire". The National Law Review. Stark & Stark. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  33. ^ Ben Mutzabaugh (December 14, 2015). "All of the USA's big airlines now ban hoverboards". USA Today. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  34. ^ Diana Samuels (2015-12-09). "Another hoverboard toy explodes in Louisiana, TV station says". www.nola.com. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
  35. ^ "Chairman's Hoverboard Press Statement". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. July 6, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
  36. ^ "More than 500,000 hoverboards are being recalled". The Verge. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  37. ^ "Self-Balancing Scooters/Hoverboards Recalled by 10 Firms Due to Fire Hazard". Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
  38. ^ "DOH, DTI warn public vs use of hoverboards". The Philippine Star. January 10, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  39. ^ "SWAGTRON to launch world's first UL2272 approved hoverboard available for retail in the USA". 1 June 2016.
  40. ^ "Following Fatal House Fire, CPSC Warns Consumers To Stop Using LayZ Board Hoverboards". 1 May 2017.
  41. ^ "Hoverboard bursts into flames while charging, damages Clarkston home". 1 January 2018.
  42. ^ Pollard, Aidan (2023-03-31). "A popular brand of hoverboard was just recalled, nearly a year after two sisters died in a fire authorities linked to the toy". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
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