Climate justice: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by 2405:4802:152:C990:90ED:B877:DF1E:999A (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)
updated with 1 item from 2021 in science (see that page's history for attribution) (→‎Disproportionality in causality: ), ce, expand
Line 35: Line 35:


In December 2018, the People’s Demands for Climate Justice, signed by 292,000 individuals and 366 organisations, called upon government delegates at [[COP24]] comply with a list of six climate justice demands.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People's Demands for Climate Justice |url=https://www.peoplesdemands.org/ |website=The People's Demands for Climate Justice |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208070241/https://www.peoplesdemands.org/ |archive-date=8 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2018, the People’s Demands for Climate Justice, signed by 292,000 individuals and 366 organisations, called upon government delegates at [[COP24]] comply with a list of six climate justice demands.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People's Demands for Climate Justice |url=https://www.peoplesdemands.org/ |website=The People's Demands for Climate Justice |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208070241/https://www.peoplesdemands.org/ |archive-date=8 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Disproportionality in causality ==
The responsibility for anthropgenic climate change differs substantially between individuals and groups. Studies found that the most affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and may be necessary – in terms of contemporary influence – for prospects of moving towards safer environmental conditions<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiedmann |first1=Thomas |last2=Lenzen |first2=Manfred |last3=Keyßer |first3=Lorenz T. |last4=Steinberger |first4=Julia K. |title=Scientists’ warning on affluence |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3107 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16941-y |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> and that the richest 1% have emitted twice as much carbon as the bottom 50% for about a quarter of a century.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's richest 1% cause double CO2 emissions of poorest 50%, says Oxfam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/21/worlds-richest-1-cause-double-co2-emissions-of-poorest-50-says-oxfam |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=20 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=The '1%' are the main drivers of climate change, but it hits the poor the hardest: Oxfam report |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/26/oxfam-report-the-global-wealthy-are-main-drivers-of-climate-change.html |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=CNBC |date=26 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=It’s a delusion that everyone is equally responsible for climate change. |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/history/2018/11/it-s-delusion-everyone-equally-responsible-climate-change |publisher=New Statesman |access-date=28 October 2021 |date=28 November 2018}}</ref><!--https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/05/02/scientists-just-showed-why-climate-change-is-enormously-unfair/--><ref>{{cite web |title=The Inequality Virus |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-virus |website=Oxfam International |access-date=28 October 2021 |language=en |date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

While certain companies – e.g. fossil fuel companies – are often blamed for deemed responsibility for anthropocentric climate change, their influence and negative effects on the environment may mainly stem from consumers purchasing their products (e.g. [[environmental impact of cars|cars]] and [[environmental impact of meat|meat]]-centric diets), structures that accordingly distribute power and wealth, lack of private investment into sustainable development, a lack of alternatives (e.g. public infrastructure and advanced [[sustainable energy]] grids) and a lack of policies that reduce their consumption or their harmful effects or change development (e.g. adequate facilitation of research into how such could be achieved efficiently, eco-tariffs, regulations, enabling legislation, [[standardization|standards]], testing new socioeconomic mechanisms, facilitation of education, monitoring, subsidization-changes, changes to financial allocations and certifications), all of which could be modulated, facilitated or implemented directly or indirectly by [[decision-making|decisions]] policy-makers could enact. However, many policies (and contemporary private endeavours such as voluntary ones by billionaires or asset managers)<ref>{{cite news |title=BlackRock's Larry Fink must think again over tackling climate crisis {{!}} Nils Pratley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils-pratley-on-finance/2019/dec/02/blackrocks-larry-fink-must-think-again-over-tackling-climate-crisis |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=2 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> while possibly often having well-intentioned positive environmental effects, may amount to [[greenwashing]] and fall short not only of climate goals but also of implementing necessary steps towards more effective policies not only because [[politics]] is often based on [[compromise]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Timperley |first1=Jocelyn |title=Who is really to blame for climate change? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200618-climate-change-who-is-to-blame-and-why-does-it-matter |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Individuals can’t solve the climate crisis. Governments need to step up {{!}} Anders Levermann |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/10/individuals-climate-crisis-government-planet-priority |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>{{additional citations needed|date=October 2021}}

=== Intergenerational equity ===
A study estimates that children born in 2020 (e.g. "[[Generation Alpha]]") will experience 2–7 as many [[extreme weather]] events, particularly [[heat wave]]s, compared to people born in 1960 under current climate policy pledges over their lifetimes, which, along with other projections, raises issues of [[intergenerational equity]] as it was these generations and specific groups and individuals who, often knowingly and despite having a choice, were mainly responsible for the burden of climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gramling |first1=Carolyn |title=2020 babies may suffer up to seven times as many extreme heat waves as 1960s kids |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/children-climate-change-generation-burden-extreme-heat |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Science News |date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thiery |first1=Wim |last2=Lange |first2=Stefan |last3=Rogelj |first3=Joeri |last4=Schleussner |first4=Carl-Friedrich |last5=Gudmundsson |first5=Lukas |last6=Seneviratne |first6=Sonia I. |last7=Andrijevic |first7=Marina |last8=Frieler |first8=Katja |last9=Emanuel |first9=Kerry |last10=Geiger |first10=Tobias |last11=Bresch |first11=David N. |last12=Zhao |first12=Fang |last13=Willner |first13=Sven N. |last14=Büchner |first14=Matthias |last15=Volkholz |first15=Jan |last16=Bauer |first16=Nico |last17=Chang |first17=Jinfeng |last18=Ciais |first18=Philippe |last19=Dury |first19=Marie |last20=François |first20=Louis |last21=Grillakis |first21=Manolis |last22=Gosling |first22=Simon N. |last23=Hanasaki |first23=Naota |last24=Hickler |first24=Thomas |last25=Huber |first25=Veronika |last26=Ito |first26=Akihiko |last27=Jägermeyr |first27=Jonas |last28=Khabarov |first28=Nikolay |last29=Koutroulis |first29=Aristeidis |last30=Liu |first30=Wenfeng |last31=Lutz |first31=Wolfgang |last32=Mengel |first32=Matthias |last33=Müller |first33=Christoph |last34=Ostberg |first34=Sebastian |last35=Reyer |first35=Christopher P. O. |last36=Stacke |first36=Tobias |last37=Wada |first37=Yoshihide |title=Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes |journal=Science |date=8 October 2021 |volume=374 |issue=6564 |pages=158–160 |doi=10.1126/science.abi7339|pmid=34565177 |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/6345242 }}</ref>


== Disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups ==
== Disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups ==
Line 128: Line 136:
[[Category:Applied ethics]]
[[Category:Applied ethics]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Climate justice]]
[[Category:Climate justice| ]]

Revision as of 16:17, 28 October 2021

Children marching for climate justice in Minnesota, USA in April 2017.

Climate justice is a term used to frame climate change as an ethical and political issue, rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature. This is done by relating the causes and effects of climate change to concepts of justice, particularly environmental justice and social justice. Climate justice examines concepts such as equality, human rights, collective rights, and the historical responsibilities for climate change. Climate justice actions can include the growing global body of legal action on climate change issues.[1] In 2017, a report of the United Nations Environment Programme identified 894 ongoing legal actions worldwide.[2]

Historically marginalized communities, such as low income, indigenous communities and communities of color often face the worst consequences of climate change: in effect the least responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences.[3][4][5] They might also be further disadvantaged by responses to climate change which might reproduce or exacerbate existing inequalities, which has been labeled the 'triple injustices' of climate change.[6][7][8]

Use and popularity of climate justice language has increased dramatically in recent years, yet climate justice is understood in many ways, and the different meanings are sometimes contested. At its simplest, conceptions of climate justice can be grouped along the lines of procedural justice, which emphasizes fair, transparent and inclusive decision making, and distributive justice, which places the emphasis on who bears the costs of both climate change and the actions taken to address it.[6]

A special focus is placed on the role of MAPA (Most Affected People and Areas),[9] i.e., groups disproportionately affected by climate change, such as women, racial minorities, young, older and poorer people.[10] In particular with the rise of grassroots movements with the goal of climate justice - such as Fridays for Future, Ende Gelände or Extinction Rebellion - the connection of these groups in the context of climate justice became more important.[11]

Some climate justice approaches promote transformative justice where advocates focus on how vulnerability to climate change reflects various structural injustices in society, such as the exclusion of marginalized groups from decision-making and from climate resilient livelihoods, and that climate action must explicitly address these structural power imbalances. For these advocates, climate change provide an opportunity to reinforce democratic governance at all scales, and drive the achievement of gender equality and social inclusion. At a minimum, priority is placed on ensuring that responses to climate change do not repeat or reinforce existing injustices, which has both distributive justice and procedural justice dimensions. Other conceptions frame climate justice in terms of the need to curb climate change within certain limits, like the Paris Climate Agreement targets of 1.5C, otherwise the impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems will be so severe as to preclude the possibility of justice for many populations [12]

History of the term

Harsha Walia at Climate Justice conference ( A Movement of Movements) at Victoria, Coast Salish Territories. 2013

In 2000, at the same time as the Sixth Conference of the Parties (COP 6), the first Climate Justice Summit took place in The Hague. This summit aimed to "affirm that climate change is a rights issue" and to "build alliances across states and borders" against climate change and in favor of sustainable development.[13]

Subsequently, in August–September 2002, international environmental groups met in Johannesburg for the Earth Summit.[14] At this summit, also known as Rio+10, as it took place ten years after the 1992 Earth Summit, the Bali Principles of Climate Justice[15] were adopted.

Climate Justice affirms the rights of communities dependent on natural resources for their livelihood and cultures to own and manage the same in a sustainable manner, and is opposed to the commodification of nature and its resources.

Bali Principles of Climate Justice, article 18, August 29, 2002[15]

In 2004, the Durban Group for Climate Justice was formed at an international meeting in Durban, South Africa. Here representatives from NGOs and peoples' movements discussed realistic policies for addressing climate change.[16]

At the 2007 Bali Conference, the global coalition Climate Justice Now! was founded, and, in 2008, the Global Humanitarian Forum focused on climate justice at its inaugural meeting in Geneva.[17]

In 2009, the Climate Justice Action Network was formed during the run-up to the Copenhagen Summit.[18] It proposed civil disobedience and direct action during the summit, and many climate activists used the slogan 'system change not climate change'.[19]

In April 2010, the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth took place in Tiquipaya, Bolivia. It was hosted by the government of Bolivia as a global gathering of civil society and governments. The conference published a "People's Agreement" calling, among other things, for greater climate justice.[20]

In December 2018, the People’s Demands for Climate Justice, signed by 292,000 individuals and 366 organisations, called upon government delegates at COP24 comply with a list of six climate justice demands.[21]

Disproportionality in causality

The responsibility for anthropgenic climate change differs substantially between individuals and groups. Studies found that the most affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and may be necessary – in terms of contemporary influence – for prospects of moving towards safer environmental conditions[22] and that the richest 1% have emitted twice as much carbon as the bottom 50% for about a quarter of a century.[23][24][25][26]

While certain companies – e.g. fossil fuel companies – are often blamed for deemed responsibility for anthropocentric climate change, their influence and negative effects on the environment may mainly stem from consumers purchasing their products (e.g. cars and meat-centric diets), structures that accordingly distribute power and wealth, lack of private investment into sustainable development, a lack of alternatives (e.g. public infrastructure and advanced sustainable energy grids) and a lack of policies that reduce their consumption or their harmful effects or change development (e.g. adequate facilitation of research into how such could be achieved efficiently, eco-tariffs, regulations, enabling legislation, standards, testing new socioeconomic mechanisms, facilitation of education, monitoring, subsidization-changes, changes to financial allocations and certifications), all of which could be modulated, facilitated or implemented directly or indirectly by decisions policy-makers could enact. However, many policies (and contemporary private endeavours such as voluntary ones by billionaires or asset managers)[27] while possibly often having well-intentioned positive environmental effects, may amount to greenwashing and fall short not only of climate goals but also of implementing necessary steps towards more effective policies not only because politics is often based on compromises.[28][29][additional citation(s) needed]

Intergenerational equity

A study estimates that children born in 2020 (e.g. "Generation Alpha") will experience 2–7 as many extreme weather events, particularly heat waves, compared to people born in 1960 under current climate policy pledges over their lifetimes, which, along with other projections, raises issues of intergenerational equity as it was these generations and specific groups and individuals who, often knowingly and despite having a choice, were mainly responsible for the burden of climate change.[30][31]

Disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups

Woman protesting for climate justice
Further information: Climate change vulnerability

Disadvantaged groups will continue to be disproportionately impacted as climate change persists. These groups will be affected due to inequalities that are based on demographic characteristics such as differences in gender, race, ethnicity, age, and income.[32] Inequality increases the exposure of disadvantaged groups to the harmful effects of climate change while also increasing their susceptibility to destruction caused by climate change.[32] A problem with destruction is that disadvantaged groups are the last to receive emergency relief and are rarely included in the planning process at local, national and international levels for coping with the impacts of climate change.[33]

Communities of color, women, indigenous groups, and people of low-income all face an increased vulnerability to climate change. These groups will be disproportionately impacted due to heat waves, air quality, and extreme weather events. It has been examined that there are more racial and ethnic minorities that live in low-lying areas than Whites which shows a disproportionate impact since these areas are more susceptible to flooding.[34] Women are also disadvantaged and will be affected by climate change differently than men.[35] This will impact the ability of minority groups to adapt unless there is progress made so that these groups have more access to universal resources.[34] Indigenous groups are affected by the consequences of climate change even though they historically have contributed the least.[36] In addition, indigenous peoples are unjustifiably impacted due to their income and continue to have fewer resources to cope with climate change.[36]

The ability of populations to mitigate and adapt to the negative consequences of climate change are shaped by factors such as income, race, class, gender, capital and political representation.[37] Low income communities as well as colored communities possess little to no adaptive resources, making them particularly vulnerable to climate change.[37][38] People living in poverty or in precarious circumstances tend to have neither the resources nor the insurance coverage necessary to recover from environmental disasters.[38] On top of that, such populations often receive an unequal share of disaster relief and recovery assistance.[37] Additionally, they generally have less say and involvement in decision-making, political, and legal processes that relate to climate change and the natural environment.

One way to mitigate the disproportionate impact of climate change to achieve climate justice is to involve disadvantaged groups in the planning and policymaking process so that these individuals have a say in their own futures. This would also help minority groups achieve more access to resources to adapt and plan for a changing climate.[35]

Causes

The US, China and Russia have cumulatively contributed the greatest amounts of CO2 since 1850.[39]

Developed countries, as the main cause of climate change, in assuming their historical responsibility, must recognize and honor their climate debt in all of its dimensions as the basis for a just, effective, and scientific solution to climate change. (...) The focus must not be only on financial compensation, but also on restorative justice, understood as the restitution of integrity to our Mother Earth and all its beings.

World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, People's Agreement, April 22, Cochabamba, Bolivia[40]

One contentious issue in debates about climate justice is the extent to which capitalism is viewed as the root cause of climate injustice. This question frequently leads to fundamental disagreements between, on the one hand, liberal and conservative environmental groups and, on the other, leftist and radical organizations. While the former often tend to blame the excesses of neoliberalism for climate change and argue in favor of market-based reform, the latter view capitalism with its exploitative traits as the underlying central issue.[41][42]

Responses

Litigation

This section is an excerpt from Climate change litigation.[edit]

Climate change litigation, also known as climate litigation, is an emerging body of environmental law using legal practice to set case law precedent to further climate change mitigation efforts from public institutions, such as governments and companies. In the face of slow climate change politics delaying climate change mitigation, activists and lawyers have increased efforts to use national and international judiciary systems to advance the effort. Climate litigation typically engages in one of five types of legal claims:[43] Constitutional law (focused on breaches of constitutional rights by the state),[44] administrative law (challenging the merits of administrative decision making), private law (challenging corporations or other organizations for negligence, nuisance, etc., fraud or consumer protection (challenging companies for misrepresenting information about climate impacts), or human rights (claiming that failure to act on climate change is a failure to protect human rights).[45]

Since the early 2000s, the legal frameworks for combating climate change have increasingly been available through legislation, and an increasing body of court cases have developed an international body of law connecting climate action to legal challenges, related to constitutional law, administrative law, private law, consumer protection law or human rights.[43] Many of the successful cases and approaches have focused on advancing the needs of climate justice and the youth climate movement.[46] Since 2015, there has been a trend in the use of human rights arguments in climate lawsuits,[47] in part due to the recognition of the right to a healthy environment in more jurisdictions and at the United Nations.[48]

Climate justice protests

Main articles: Climate movement and Individual and political action on climate change
Rally for climate justice: Mass mobilization at the Chevron Oil Refinery in Richmond, California (2009).
Tens of thousands of people marching in Copenhagen for climate justice (2009).[49]

In 2019 Greta Thunberg, a 16 year old Swedish native, brought a great deal of media attention to the idea of climate justice. Every Friday she skips school to strike for the climate and she once stated in an interview with Democracy Now!, "Since you don’t give a damn about my future then I won’t either,"[50] referring to the Swedish members of Parliament. When Thunberg came to the United States to speak at the UN Climate Summit she traveled across the Atlantic Ocean by sailboat in protest of the emissions caused by airplanes.

Greta Thunberg’s radical way of protesting has created "The Greta effect" which inspires a new generation to take a stance on climate justice as a political issue.[50] She is joined by many other students in her school strike for action towards climate change.

Inspired by Greta Thunberg, Vanessa Nakate began her own strike for the climate in Uganda. She was also part of the group of youth activists who spoke at COP25 and in Davos she was cropped out of a photo with fellow activists. She went on to speak about diversity within the environmental movement and called out the erasure of climate activists of colour.[51]

Political approaches towards climate justice

Main article: Politics of global warming

The 21st century became the time to take serious action towards climate justice [neutrality is disputed] because many elite groups [which?] were unwilling to solve the environmental and social issues for climate justice.[52] At the same time, climate justice activists' demands began to increase significantly that it was important to take alternative steps. For example, the Climate Justice Now! network, which is a network of organizations that advocate for climate justice was founded in 2007 by the UNFCCC. Additionally, in 2010, the Bolivian government sponsored "Peoples' World Conference on Climate Change and the Right of Mother Earth in Cochabamba,[53] which helped connect many climate change activists together. Many political groups also began to take impressive actions towards climate change: The grassroots campaign of Dine Local citizen group in New Mexico prevented "the creation of the Desert Rock coal plant, which would have been the third such polluting monolith in this small, rural community."[53] New coal power plant proposals have been cancelled because the community is against it and therefore has helped keep the climate pollution low. The increase of climate justice political groups helped go against many companies and were successful at lowering pollution[citation needed].

Human rights

This section is an excerpt from Human rights and climate change.[edit]
On 9 April 2024, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that human rights encompasses a right to effective protection by the State authorities from the serious adverse effects of climate change on lives, health and well-being.

Human rights and climate change is a conceptual and legal framework under which international human rights and their relationship to global warming are studied, analyzed, and addressed.[54] The framework has been employed by governments, United Nations organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, human rights and environmental advocates, and academics to guide national and international policy on climate change under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the core international human rights instruments.[55][56][57] In 2022 Working Group II of the IPCC suggested that "climate justice comprises justice that links development and human rights to achieve a rights-based approach to addressing climate change".[58]

Human rights and climate change analysis focuses on the anticipated consequences to humans associated with global environmental phenomena including sea level rise, desertification, temperature increases, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation, as well as adaptation and mitigation measures taken by governments in response to those phenomena that may involve human rights or related legal protections. Many legal approaches to climate change use the right to a healthy environment, other related rights or other emergent environmental law approaches, such as rights of nature, to advocate for new or required action by governments and private actors, through climate justice advocacy and climate litigation.

On 8 October 2021, the UN Human Rights Council passed a resolution that recognizes a human right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment – resolution 48/13.[59][60]

Examples

Hurricane Katrina

NASA flood image after Hurricane Katrina.
Further information: Tropical cyclones and climate change

Because of climate change, tropical cyclones are expected to increase in intensity and have increased rainfall, and have larger storm surges, but there might be fewer of them globally. These changes are driven by rising sea temperatures and increased maximum water vapour content of the atmosphere as the air heats up.[61] Hurricane Katrina provided insights into how climate change disasters affect different people individually,[37] as it had a disproportionate effect on low-income and minority groups.[37] A study on the race and class dimensions of Hurricane Katrina suggests that those most vulnerable include poor, black, brown, elderly, sick, and homeless people.[62] Low-income and black communities had little resources and limited mobility to evacuate before the storm.[63][64] Also, after the hurricane, low-income communities were most affected by contamination,[37] and this was made worse by the fact that government relief measures failed to adequately assist those most at risk.[38][62]

See also

References

  1. ^ See, for example the Climate Justice Programme's Climate Law Database Archived 9 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ (in French) Patricia Jolly, "Les Pays-Bas sommés par la justice d’intensifier leur lutte contre le changement climatique" Archived 12 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 9 October 2018 (page visited on 18 October 2018).
  3. ^ Global Humanitarian Forum (1 October 2009) Kofi Annan launches climate justice campaign track Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Global Humanitarian Formum, 1 October 2009.
  4. ^ Wendy Koch, Study: Climate change affects those least responsible Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, 7 March 2011
  5. ^ Africa Speaks up on Climate Change Archived 19 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine This appeal states: "In wealthy countries, the looming climate crisis is a matter of concern, as it will affect the wellbeing of the economy. But in Africa, which is hardly contributing to climate change in the first place, it will be a matter of life and death."
  6. ^ a b Peter Newell, Shilpi Srivastava, Lars Otto Naess, Gerardo A. Torres Contreras and Roz Price, "Towards Transformative Climate Justice: Key Challenges and Future Directions for Research," Working Paper Volume 2020, Number 540 (Sussex, UK: Institute for Development Studies, July 2020)[1]
  7. ^ United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) (2016) Policy Innovations for Transformative Change: Implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Geneva: UNRISD
  8. ^ Routledge handbook of climate justice. Jafry, Tahseen, Helwig, Karin, Mikulewicz, Michael. Abingdon, Oxon. November 2018. ISBN 978-1-315-53768-9. OCLC 1056201868.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ "As young people, we urge financial institutions to stop financing fossil fuels". Climate Home News. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Climate Change and LandAn IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. 2019. p. 17.
  11. ^ "Selbstreflexion". Ende Gelände (in German). Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  12. ^ Edward Cameron, Tara Shine, and Wendi Bevins, "Climate Justice: Equity and justice informing a new climate agreement," Working Paper (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute & Mary Robinson Foundation, September 2013) [2]
  13. ^ CorpWatch: Alternative Summit Opens with Call for Climate Justice Archived 19 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 19 November 2000
  14. ^ website worldsummit2002.org (archive)
  15. ^ a b Bali Principles of Climate Justice (PDF). EJNet.org (Report). 29 August 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Durban Group for Climate Justice". Transnational Institute. 6 July 2009. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  17. ^ "The Global Humanitarian Forum Annual Meeting 2008". Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  18. ^ Climate Change and Justice: On the road to Copenhagen Archived 21 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Heinrich Böll Foundation
  19. ^ 100,000 March for System Change not climate change in Copenhagen with mass arrests Archived 1 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine Indymedia, 13 December 2009
  20. ^ World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, People's Agreement Archived 5 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine April 22, Cochabamba, Bolivia
  21. ^ "The People's Demands for Climate Justice". The People's Demands for Climate Justice. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  22. ^ Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (19 June 2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 3107. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. ISSN 2041-1723.
  23. ^ "World's richest 1% cause double CO2 emissions of poorest 50%, says Oxfam". The Guardian. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  24. ^ Clifford, Catherine (26 January 2021). "The '1%' are the main drivers of climate change, but it hits the poor the hardest: Oxfam report". CNBC. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  25. ^ "It's a delusion that everyone is equally responsible for climate change". New Statesman. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  26. ^ "The Inequality Virus". Oxfam International. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  27. ^ "BlackRock's Larry Fink must think again over tackling climate crisis | Nils Pratley". The Guardian. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  28. ^ Timperley, Jocelyn. "Who is really to blame for climate change?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  29. ^ "Individuals can't solve the climate crisis. Governments need to step up | Anders Levermann". The Guardian. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  30. ^ Gramling, Carolyn (1 October 2021). "2020 babies may suffer up to seven times as many extreme heat waves as 1960s kids". Science News. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  31. ^ Thiery, Wim; Lange, Stefan; Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Gudmundsson, Lukas; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Andrijevic, Marina; Frieler, Katja; Emanuel, Kerry; Geiger, Tobias; Bresch, David N.; Zhao, Fang; Willner, Sven N.; Büchner, Matthias; Volkholz, Jan; Bauer, Nico; Chang, Jinfeng; Ciais, Philippe; Dury, Marie; François, Louis; Grillakis, Manolis; Gosling, Simon N.; Hanasaki, Naota; Hickler, Thomas; Huber, Veronika; Ito, Akihiko; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Khabarov, Nikolay; Koutroulis, Aristeidis; Liu, Wenfeng; Lutz, Wolfgang; Mengel, Matthias; Müller, Christoph; Ostberg, Sebastian; Reyer, Christopher P. O.; Stacke, Tobias; Wada, Yoshihide (8 October 2021). "Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes". Science. 374 (6564): 158–160. doi:10.1126/science.abi7339. PMID 34565177.
  32. ^ a b Islam, S. Nazrul. "Climate Change and Social Inequality" (PDF). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2019.
  33. ^ Baird, Rachel. "Impact of Climate Change on Minorities and Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2019.
  34. ^ a b "Fourth National Climate Assessment". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
  35. ^ a b Pearson, Adam R.; Ballew, Matthew T.; Naiman, Sarah; Schuldt, Jonathon P. (26 April 2017). "Race, Class, Gender and Climate Change Communication". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.412. ISBN 9780190228620.
  36. ^ a b "Indigenous Peoples Disproportionately Impacted by Climate Change, Systematically Targeted for Defending Freedoms, Speakers Tell Permanent Forum | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Christian-Smith, Juliet; Peter H. Gleick; Heather Cooley; et al. (2012). A twenty-first century US water policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199859443.
  38. ^ a b c Mohai, Paul; Pellow, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (2009). "Environmental Justice". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 34 (1): 405–430. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348.
  39. ^ Evans, Simon (5 October 2021). "Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice". CarbonBrief.org. Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015).
  40. ^ World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth April 22nd, Cochabamba, Bolivia - People's Agreement (Report). World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  41. ^ Space for Movement: Reflections from Bolivia on climate justice, social movements and the state Archived 22 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine PDF, edited by Building Bridges collective, July 2010, ISBN 978 0 85316 294 0
  42. ^ "Is a Successful Ecological Turnaround of Capitalism Possible?". Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  43. ^ a b King; Mallett, Wood Mallesons-Daisy; Nagra, Sati (27 February 2020). "Climate change litigation - what is it and what to expect? | Lexology". www.lexology.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  44. ^ Pasquale Viola (29 March 2022). Climate Constitutionalism Momentum: Adaptive Legal Systems. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-03-097336-0. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  45. ^ Orangias, Joseph (1 December 2021). "Towards global public trust doctrines: an analysis of the transnationalisation of state stewardship duties". Transnational Legal Theory. 12 (4): 550–586. doi:10.1080/20414005.2021.2006030. S2CID 244864136.
  46. ^ "Greenpeace Germany sues Volkswagen over carbon emissions targets". Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  47. ^ Peel, Jacqueline; Osofsky, Hari M. (March 2018). "A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation?". Transnational Environmental Law. 7 (1): 37–67. doi:10.1017/S2047102517000292. S2CID 158786536.
  48. ^ de Vilchez, Pau; Savaresi, Annalisa (20 April 2023). "The Right to a Healthy Environment and Climate Litigation: A Game Changer?". Yearbook of International Environmental Law. 32 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1093/yiel/yvac064. hdl:1893/34872. ISSN 0965-1721. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  49. ^ Bibi van der Zee and, David Batty "Copenhagen climate protesters rally" Archived 20 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 12 December 2009 (page visited on 17 December 2017).
  50. ^ a b Kühne, Rainer Walter (2 September 2019). "Climate Change: The Science Behind Greta Thunberg and Fridays for Future". doi:10.31219/osf.io/2n6kj. S2CID 203005125. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ^ "'Like I wasn't there': climate activist Vanessa Nakate on being erased from a movement". The Guardian. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  52. ^ Boykoff, Maxwell T. (22 September 2011). Who Speaks for the Climate?: Making Sense of Media Reporting on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50179-8.
  53. ^ a b Khoase, Refiloe; Derera, Evelyn; McArthur, Brian; Ndayizigamiye, Patrick (15 August 2019). "Perceptions of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises' (SMMEs) owners on services provided by the supporting institutions in South Africa". Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa. 8 (2): 139–160. doi:10.31920/2050-4284/2019/8n2a8. ISSN 2050-4276.
  54. ^ Stephen Humphreys, ed. (2010). Human rights and climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-76998-6. OCLC 652432164.
  55. ^ "New UN Report Details Link between Climate Change and Human Rights". UN Environment. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  56. ^ "Report of the Human Rights Council on its thirty-first session. Advance unedited version". Human Rights Council. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  57. ^ Rajamani, Lavanya (26 June 2019). "Integrating Human Rights in the Paris Climate Architecture: Contest, Context, and Consequence". Climate Law. 9 (3): 180–201. doi:10.1163/18786561-00903003. ISSN 1878-6553. S2CID 199289341.
  58. ^ "AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability — IPCC". Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  59. ^ "The right to a clean and healthy environment: 6 things you need to know". UN News. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  60. ^ "a/hrc/48/l.23/rev.1". undocs.org. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  61. ^ Walsh, K. J. E.; Camargo, S. J.; Knutson, T. R.; Kossin, J.; Lee, T. -C.; Murakami, H.; Patricola, C. (1 December 2019). "Tropical cyclones and climate change". Tropical Cyclone Research and Review. 8 (4): 240–250. doi:10.1016/j.tcrr.2020.01.004. ISSN 2225-6032.
  62. ^ a b Giroux, Henry A. (2006). "Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability". College Literature. 33 (3): 171–196. doi:10.1353/lit.2006.0037.
  63. ^ Elliott, James R.; Pais, Jeremy (2006). "Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human responses to disaster". Social Science Research. 35 (2): 295–321. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.02.003.
  64. ^ Masozera, Michel (2007). "Distribution of impacts of natural disasters across income groups: A case study of New Orleans". Ecological Economics. 63 (2–3): 299–306. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.06.013.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&oldid=1052336069"