Truce of Constantinople (1533): Difference between revisions
The payments were the 1547 truce, in exchange for Ottoman's recognition of Habsburg Hungary (Lesaffer; also see Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-Century Europe: The Ottomans and Mexicans By Carina L. Johnson, pg.201) |
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{{short description|1533 treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the archducy of Austria}} |
{{short description|1533 treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the archducy of Austria}} |
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The '''Treaty of Constantinople''' ({{lang-tr|İstanbul antlaşması}}) was signed on 22 July 1533 in [[Constantinople]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Archduchy of Austria]]. |
The '''Treaty of Constantinople''' ({{lang-tr|İstanbul antlaşması}}) was signed on 22 July 1533 in [[Constantinople]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Archduchy of Austria]]. |
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According to several sources, this and other ceasefire agreements produced in 1547, 1568, 1573, 1576, 1584 and 1591 were truces or armistices (with a limited period of mutual non-aggression) and not a treaty, as no real peace treaty was concluded in the entire sixteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Hamish |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume II: Cultures and Power |date=23 July 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-102001-8 |page=783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aET_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT783 |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Lesaffer|2004|p=345}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mortimer |first1=G. |title=Early Modern Military History, 1450-1815 |date=25 June 2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-52398-2 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29GHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Gábor Ágoston calls this a treaty or truce, but defines it nature as mere "verbal promise".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |title=The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe |date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20538-0 |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXALEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> According to Mortimer, the truce was between Ferdinand and Suleyman. Only the 1547 truce received endorsement from Charles V.{{sfn|Mortimer|2004|p=68}} |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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*Ferdinand withdrew his assertions on Hungary save a small territory in its west of Hungary.<ref>Nicolae Jorga: ''Gescchiste des Osmanichen'', (trans: Nilüfer Epçeli) Yeditepe Yayınları, 2009, {{ISBN|978-975-6480-19-9}} volII,p.350-351</ref> |
*Ferdinand withdrew his assertions on Hungary save a small territory in its west of Hungary.<ref>Nicolae Jorga: ''Gescchiste des Osmanichen'', (trans: Nilüfer Epçeli) Yeditepe Yayınları, 2009, {{ISBN|978-975-6480-19-9}} volII,p.350-351</ref> |
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*Szapolyai was legitimised as the King of Hungary under Ottoman [[suzerainty]]. |
*Szapolyai was legitimised as the King of Hungary under Ottoman [[suzerainty]]. |
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*Austria agreed to pay annual payments of 30,000 guldens. |
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| ⚫ | Stanford Shaw says that Ferdinand was to be considered as the King of Germany and Charles V as the [[King of Spain]], and both were equal to the Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire. Moreover, they were forbidden from calling anyone 'emperor' except the Ottoman emperor.<ref>Stanford Shaw: ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 29163 1, 1976 p.94</ref> According to others, while the Ottoman chancery addressed Charles and Ferdinand (also in their letters) as Kings, the Habsburgs never recognized this. Also, in other correspondences, the Ottomans elevated Francis and Charles IX to emperors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lesaffer |first1=Randall |title=Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One |date=19 August 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45378-3 |page=345 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onB5AuYREQ4C&pg=PA345 |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |title=The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe |date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20538-0 |page=337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXALEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Stanford Shaw says that Ferdinand was to be considered as the King of Germany and Charles V as the [[King of Spain]], and both were equal to the Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire. Moreover, they were forbidden from calling anyone 'emperor' except the Ottoman emperor.<ref>Stanford Shaw: ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 29163 1, 1976 p.94</ref> According to others, while the Ottoman chancery addressed Charles and Ferdinand (also in their letters) as Kings, the Habsburgs never recognized this |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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From 1536, after successfully completing his "campaign of the two Iraqs" (1534 to 1535), Suleyman considered the truce invalid.{{sfn|Ágostonr|2021|p=193}} |
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Szapolyai had no son, and according to the [[Treaty of Nagyvárad]], signed in 1538, Ferdinand was the heir to the throne. However, after the treaty, Szapolyai's wife gave birth to a son. In 1540, when Szapolyai died of natural causes, Ferdinand reclaimed the throne, and the war was renewed.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, Expo 70 ed., Vol 9, p 177</ref> This time, Suleyman reversed his policy of allowing Hungary to persist as a vassal kingdom and annexed most of Hungary in his two campaigns in 1541 and 1543. Szapolyai's infant son was transferred to Transylvania, his father's former principality. |
Szapolyai had no son, and according to the [[Treaty of Nagyvárad]], signed in 1538, Ferdinand was the heir to the throne. However, after the treaty, Szapolyai's wife gave birth to a son. In 1540, when Szapolyai died of natural causes, Ferdinand reclaimed the throne, and the war was renewed.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, Expo 70 ed., Vol 9, p 177</ref> This time, Suleyman reversed his policy of allowing Hungary to persist as a vassal kingdom and annexed most of Hungary in his two campaigns in 1541 and 1543. Szapolyai's infant son was transferred to Transylvania, his father's former principality. |
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Revision as of 14:19, 9 April 2022
The Treaty of Constantinople (Turkish: İstanbul antlaşması) was signed on 22 July 1533 in Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria. According to several sources, this and other ceasefire agreements produced in 1547, 1568, 1573, 1576, 1584 and 1591 were truces or armistices (with a limited period of mutual non-aggression) and not a treaty, as no real peace treaty was concluded in the entire sixteenth century.[1][2][3] Gábor Ágoston calls this a treaty or truce, but defines it nature as mere "verbal promise".[4] According to Mortimer, the truce was between Ferdinand and Suleyman. Only the 1547 truce received endorsement from Charles V.[5]
Background
During the Battle of Mohács in 1526 the king of Hungary, Louis II, had died without an heir to throne, but since the Ottoman Empire did not annex Hungary after the war, the Hungarian throne was left vacant for several months.[6] Two claimants emerged: Ferdinand I, the archduke of Austria; and János Szapolyai, the voivode (governor) of Transylvania (Turkish: Erdel, now the west of Romania). Although Szapolyai was backed by most of the Hungarian elite, Ferdinand declared himself the legal king of Hungary, with the support of his older brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Ottoman Empire, however, backed Szapolyai, and Emperor Suleyman I mounted a threat against Austria in two military campaigns (of 1529 and 1532). Ferdinand saw that it was impossible to establish his rule in Hungary.
Meanwhile, the shah of Safavid Persia, Tahmasp I, became active in the eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire. Suleyman decided to concentrate his activities in the east and to give up his pursuit of hostilities in the west[7] and so the treaty was signed.
Terms
The terms of the treaty were as follows:
- Ferdinand withdrew his assertions on Hungary save a small territory in its west of Hungary.[8]
- Szapolyai was legitimised as the King of Hungary under Ottoman suzerainty.
Stanford Shaw says that Ferdinand was to be considered as the King of Germany and Charles V as the King of Spain, and both were equal to the Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire. Moreover, they were forbidden from calling anyone 'emperor' except the Ottoman emperor.[9] According to others, while the Ottoman chancery addressed Charles and Ferdinand (also in their letters) as Kings, the Habsburgs never recognized this. Also, in other correspondences, the Ottomans elevated Francis and Charles IX to emperors.[10][11]
Aftermath
From 1536, after successfully completing his "campaign of the two Iraqs" (1534 to 1535), Suleyman considered the truce invalid.[12]
Peace was broken with the 1537 Battle of Gorjani and the 1538 Battle of Preveza.
Szapolyai had no son, and according to the Treaty of Nagyvárad, signed in 1538, Ferdinand was the heir to the throne. However, after the treaty, Szapolyai's wife gave birth to a son. In 1540, when Szapolyai died of natural causes, Ferdinand reclaimed the throne, and the war was renewed.[13] This time, Suleyman reversed his policy of allowing Hungary to persist as a vassal kingdom and annexed most of Hungary in his two campaigns in 1541 and 1543. Szapolyai's infant son was transferred to Transylvania, his father's former principality.
References
- ^ Scott, Hamish (23 July 2015). The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume II: Cultures and Power. Oxford University Press. p. 783. ISBN 978-0-19-102001-8. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ Lesaffer 2004, p. 345.
- ^ Mortimer, G. (25 June 2004). Early Modern Military History, 1450-1815. Springer. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-230-52398-2. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ Ágoston, Gábor (22 June 2021). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-691-20538-0. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ Mortimer 2004, p. 68.
- ^ Prof.Dr Yaşar Yücel-Prof.Dr Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi II, AKDTYK Yayınları, İstanbul,1990 pp 268–274
- ^ Lord Kinross :The Ottoman centuries, (Trans.Meral Gaspıralı) Altın Kitaplar, İstanbul, 2008, ISBN 978-975-21-0955-1, p.193
- ^ Nicolae Jorga: Gescchiste des Osmanichen, (trans: Nilüfer Epçeli) Yeditepe Yayınları, 2009, ISBN 978-975-6480-19-9 volII,p.350-351
- ^ Stanford Shaw: History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 29163 1, 1976 p.94
- ^ Lesaffer, Randall (19 August 2004). Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One. Cambridge University Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-139-45378-3. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ Ágoston, Gábor (22 June 2021). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-691-20538-0. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ Ágostonr 2021, p. 193.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Expo 70 ed., Vol 9, p 177
