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Since 2005, a national policy on HIV/AIDS has been developed, and it has gradually gotten the support of major politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Un AIDS |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/el_salvador.asp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325170315/http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/el_salvador.asp |archivedate=25 March 2009}}</ref> In 2007, the first National testing day for HIV/AIDS was established. It continues to be held on the last Thursday or Friday of the month of June.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arévalo |first=Amaral Palevi Gómez |date=2016 |title=Del orgullo gay a la Diversidad Sexual: organización de identidades sexuales disidentes en El Salvador |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=16249406008 |journal=Diálogos Latinoamericanos |issue=25 |pages=99–116 |issn=1600-0110}}</ref> In 2009, a national health plan to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS included a prohibition on sexual orientation-based discrimination in health care.<ref name="health2">[http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090403_MinisterialDecreeSalvador.asp El Salvador: Ministerial decree to reduce homophobia in health services, UN AIDS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706093957/http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090403_MinisterialDecreeSalvador.asp|date=6 July 2009}}, 3 April 2009</ref>
Since 2005, a national policy on HIV/AIDS has been developed, and it has gradually gotten the support of major politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Un AIDS |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/el_salvador.asp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325170315/http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/el_salvador.asp |archivedate=25 March 2009}}</ref> In 2007, the first National testing day for HIV/AIDS was established. It continues to be held on the last Thursday or Friday of the month of June.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arévalo |first=Amaral Palevi Gómez |date=2016 |title=Del orgullo gay a la Diversidad Sexual: organización de identidades sexuales disidentes en El Salvador |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=16249406008 |journal=Diálogos Latinoamericanos |issue=25 |pages=99–116 |issn=1600-0110}}</ref> In 2009, a national health plan to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS included a prohibition on sexual orientation-based discrimination in health care.<ref name="health2">[http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090403_MinisterialDecreeSalvador.asp El Salvador: Ministerial decree to reduce homophobia in health services, UN AIDS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706093957/http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090403_MinisterialDecreeSalvador.asp|date=6 July 2009}}, 3 April 2009</ref>

== Education ==

=== Primary and Secondary Education ===
Sexuality is not discussed in school curriculum, which falls in line with societal expectations. This leads to invisibility in school by many LGBT students to avoid discrimination. However, LGBT students, particularly students whose their gender expression does not match that assigned at birth, drop out of school at high rates. Additionally LGBT students have been expelled for their sexuality and identity.<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last=Arévalo |first=Amaral Palevi Gómez |date=2016-12 |title=Voces desde el armario… prejuicios y discriminaciones hacia personas LGBT en el Salvador |url=http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2178-700X2016000200002&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=es |journal=Revista EPOS |language=es |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=4–26 |issn=2178-700X}}</ref>

=== Higher Education ===
The lack of discussion continues in higher education as no known universities or graduate programs have Sexuality Studies programs. There have however been academic publications made in universities, which a majority coming from the [[University of El Salvador|University of El Salvador.]] Many are from a psychological or legal science perspective, though there are a varying levels of support within these publications. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arévalo |first=Amaral Palevi Gómez |date=2017-06-12 |title=¿El armario está abierto?: estudios sobre diversidad sexual en El Salvador |url=http://www.scielo.br/j/edreal/a/CXKgCkD3TqmfLym76m8DKrP/?lang=es&format=html |journal=Educação & Realidade |language=es |volume=42 |pages=1375–1397 |doi=10.1590/2175-623662013 |issn=0100-3143}}</ref>


==Living conditions==
==Living conditions==

Revision as of 04:09, 26 April 2022

LGBT rights in El Salvador
El Salvador
StatusLegal since 1822
Gender identityNo
MilitaryYes
Discrimination protectionsYes, protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex couples
AdoptionSame-sex couples not recognized

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in El Salvador may face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in El Salvador, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples.

LGBT people in El Salvador face high rates of violence and homicide. About 500 hate crimes against LGBT people were reported between 1998 and 2015. In response, the Legislative Assembly passed a law providing penalties of imprisonment for such crimes. But discrimination remains widespread. In 2018, the Government approved a new policy, allowing LGBT people to file legal complaints when discriminated against.

Cultural Perceptions on LGBT Community

Rainbow over the Constitution Monument in San Salvador

Today El Salvador is considered one of the most homophobic countries in Latin America. Even within the homosexual community itself problems persist. Domestic violence within homosexual couples has become a problem in the LGBT Salvadoran society. Also, there is a lack of unity among female and male homosexuals, as well as homosexuals of different economic classes.[1][2]

There is also a cultural and social view among homosexuals in El Salvador, where if you are the dominant partner and if you don't kiss, then that means you are "not gay", unlike the passive partner or flamboyant homosexuals. In matters of Top, bottom and versatile,  playing the passive role in El Salvador is seen as gay and many Salvadoran homosexuals see female mannerisms as negative, where as playing a dominant role and having macho mannerisms is seen as positive and a sign of virility. These views among homosexuals might encourage young teen boys to only have either Platonic love or none romantic relationships, limited to oral and Intercrural sex only.

In the home, sexuality is not discussed as heterosexuality is assumed the norm. While many choose not to come out to their families, those apart of the LGBT community who do are often seen as bringing shame to their families. Often, those who come out are subjected to conversion therapy or family prayers to convert them to heterosexuality. When these methods do not work, families sometimes expel the homosexual individual from their homes and severe all connections. LGBT individuals who are not expelled and are somewhat accepted by their families still experience isolation and guilt for causing pain to their family. [3]

In prisons, homosexual inmates are strictly forbidden to dress or behave in a effeminate manner. Most of the problems and attitudes within the homosexual community in El Salvador are the result of El Salvador's embedded machismo culture which frowns upon Homoeroticism and Homosociality. During the civil war in the 80's, many young Salvadorans were kidnapped and raped, but very few came forward to report it because they were ashamed and more afraid of being stigmatized, ostracized, and ridiculed by society than to look for justice. In El Salvador, 76 percent of male political prisoners told researchers they had experienced sexual torture.[4][5]

However, due to globalization, things are slowly changing in El Salvador's young LGBT community. Today young Salvadoran homosexuals encouraged the older homosexuals to come out and face the problems within El Salvador's homosexual community. However the LGBT community still faces heavy unacceptance and discrimination by the rest of the population driven by a religious and heavy machismo based culture. Homosexual adults usually have same sex relationships during their youth, however once they grow to adults, they leave behind these activities, become married and have children, living a heterosexual life in Salvadoran society. The nation's male name "El Salvador" evokes masculinity, and to be Salvadoran means to be virile.[6]

Heterosexuals in El Salvador usually are afraid of defending or having homosexual friends because of the fear of being stigmatized, ostracized and ridiculed by their peers, and being accused of being gay themselves. Heterosexuals usually shy away from homosexual subjects that trouble the country due to society, religious and machismo culture. Heterosexual Salvadorans hide their feelings about the homosexuals in their society, and they either do not give opinions or go completely against homosexuality. For the heterosexuals in El Salvador, being gay friendly is seen as  being against nature, being anti-religious, anti-masculinity and even diabolic in Salvadoran society.[7]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1822. In 1826, El Salvador enacted its first Penal Code, which made no mention of homosexuality.[8] As such, sexual relations between people of the same sex are legal.[9][10] The age of consent is 18.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in El Salvador
File:Palacio Nacional de El Salvador con los colores de la bandera LGBT.jpg
National Palace of El Salvador displaying LGBT colors

Same-sex marriage is not recognized. Since 2006, there have been proposals to change the Constitution of El Salvador to restrict the recognition of same-sex marriage, even when these are couples married legally outside of the country.[11] Individuals can adopt, but same-sex couples cannot adopt as a couple.[9] The Law on Family Violence (Spanish: Ley contra la Violencia Intrafamiliar) also does not apply to same-sex couples.[9]

In August 2016, a lawyer in El Salvador filed a lawsuit before the country's Supreme Court asking for the nullification of Article 11 of the Family Code which defines marriage as a heterosexual union. Labeling the law as discriminatory and explaining the lack of gendered terms used in Article 34 of the Constitution's summary of marriage, the lawsuit sought to allow same-sex couples the right to wed.[12][13] On 20 December, the Salvadoran Supreme Court rejected the lawsuit on a legal technicality.[14]

A second lawsuit against the same-sex marriage ban was filed on 11 November 2016.[15] On 17 January 2019, the Supreme Court dismissed the case on procedural grounds.[16][17]

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) issued a ruling, in which it held same-sex marriage to be a human right protected by the American Convention on Human Rights. The ruling is expected to facilitate the recognition of same-sex marriage in El Salvador.[18] That same month, the Constitutional Court declared a proposed ban on same-sex marriage unlawful.

In August 2019, a lawsuit to recognize same-sex marriage was admitted for a hearing before the Constitutional Court.[19]

Discrimination protections

Discrimination against LGBT people in El Salvador is very widespread.[20] Polls show high levels of prejudice directed at LGBT people, and there are many reports of anti-gay harassment and bias-motivated violence.[21]

Much of the nation's advocacy on behalf of LGBT rights comes from William Hernández, and his partner, Joaquin Caceres and the other members of Asociación Entre Amigos (Among Friends Association), who have faced harassment and even death threats for their activism.[11]

In April 2009, the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance published new guidelines banning discrimination against LGBT people and HIV-positive people in health services.[22][23]

On 4 May 2010, President Mauricio Funes issued a presidential decree banning discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the public sector.[9] At the same time, President Funes created a Sexual Diversity Division within the Secretary of Social Inclusion, which was headed by an openly lesbian woman.[11]

Although there have been gains on removing discrimination, activists report that outside of the government and administrative areas, discrimination is still ongoing.[11]

In 2015, the Salvadoran Parliament passed a law adding sexual orientation and gender identity to the Criminal Code's hate crime provisions. The Code provides a penalty of between three and six years imprisonment for those who commit a crime based on the victim's race, ethnicity, political affiliation, sexual orientation or gender identity.[24][25]

In April 2018, the Government approved the Institutional Policy for the Care of the LGBT Population (Política Institucional para la Atención de la Población LGBT). The policy, written by the Government with the aid of LGBT activists, as well as the national police and public security officials, allows LGBT people to file legal complaints against people who discriminate against them. Claims of crimes, torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatments against LGBT people will also be fully investigated by police forces. This was done with the aim of guaranteeing and protecting the rights of LGBT people.[26][27]

Gender Identity Law

On February 22, 2022, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice ordered that the current law be reformed to allow individuals who do not identify with their assigned gender at birth to change their names to match their gender identity. This came from a lawsuit from 2016 filed by a transgender activist, on account of the current Name Law violating the Constitution of the Republic. The Court ruled that the current Name Laws were unconstitutional, as they discriminated individuals on the basis of gender, thus calling for reform. [28]

Military service

Lesbian, gay and bisexual people are allowed to serve openly in the Armed Forces of El Salvador.[9]

Healthcare

Transgender Health

Transgender individuals face a lot of discrimination within the healthcare system. In hospitals, it is often the case where healthcare specialists dismiss patients' problems as being a side effect of their transgender identity. They are also sometimes made to wait longer or even denied as a result of their gender identity, though it can be done discreetly. [29] Additionally, while hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery are not well studied, as there is a lack of protocol and programs. However, one study found that many trans women did not seek out medical help after suffering side effects from surgeries.[30]

Mental Health

Members of the LGBT community experience suicide ideation and suicide attempts at a higher percentage than the general population. Even when reaching out for psychological care, many individuals felt insecure and experienced prejudice. And often psychological care comes in the form of conversion therapies, often when parents are attempting to modify the sexual orientation of their children.[30]

HIV/AIDS

File:Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo iluminado con el color rojo.jpg
Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo illuminated in red, as a show of support in the framework of the World Day of the Fight against HIV.

The end of the Civil War and the democratization paved the way for NGOs and private citizens to campaign for HIV/AIDS education. Yet, since the 1990s, people working for such groups, most notably The Oscar Romero AIDS Project, have faced harassment and death threats.[31]

Since 2005, a national policy on HIV/AIDS has been developed, and it has gradually gotten the support of major politicians.[32] In 2007, the first National testing day for HIV/AIDS was established. It continues to be held on the last Thursday or Friday of the month of June.[33] In 2009, a national health plan to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS included a prohibition on sexual orientation-based discrimination in health care.[34]

Education

Primary and Secondary Education

Sexuality is not discussed in school curriculum, which falls in line with societal expectations. This leads to invisibility in school by many LGBT students to avoid discrimination. However, LGBT students, particularly students whose their gender expression does not match that assigned at birth, drop out of school at high rates. Additionally LGBT students have been expelled for their sexuality and identity.[35]

Higher Education

The lack of discussion continues in higher education as no known universities or graduate programs have Sexuality Studies programs. There have however been academic publications made in universities, which a majority coming from the University of El Salvador. Many are from a psychological or legal science perspective, though there are a varying levels of support within these publications. [36]

Living conditions

While some legal advances for LGBT rights have made, public attitudes about LGBT people are often still negative, even violently intolerant.

A major reason for these negative public attitudes about LGBT people are the traditional teachings of the main religions in the country; namely the Catholic Church and several conservative and evangelical Protestant denominations. Over 50% identifies as actively practicing Catholics, while many of the remaining population attends evangelical churches.[37] As a result, many Salvadorans hold traditional, religious beliefs on homosexuality. These religious denominations believe that homosexuality and cross dressing are signs of immorality, and many of their leaders have organized opposition to LGBT rights legislation.

In July 2017, the capital city, San Salvador, authorized the permanent painting of several crossroads with the colours of the rainbow in support of LGBT rights.[38]

Violence against LGBT individuals

There have been multiple instances of violence and murders targeting gay and trans people throughout El Salvador's history. It was reported that during the Salvadoran Civil War, unknown forces kidnapped over a dozen transgender sex workers in the early 1980s.[39] This event mobilized the early activity of William Hernández and his partner Joaquin Cáceres, who formed the first formally-established LGBT organization Entre Amigos.[11]

After the Civil War, violence against LGBT individuals continued. There were reports of violence targeting LGBT throughout the 1990s, and AIDS and LGBT rights activists received regular threats of violence.[40] A survey from 2006 until 2009 showed continued threats of violence against LGBT activists, violence against LGBT members, and lack of investigation by police in LGBT deaths as a result of gang violence.[9] On 9 September 2015, El Salvador lawmakers passed a law enhancing penalties for hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[25]However, many hate crimes towards members of the LGBT community were not officially reported until 2015. And those that were often resulted in blatant refusal to cooperate by the police or accusation on LGBT individuals who in fact were the victims. [41][42]

While gang violence is prevelant in all of El Salvador, some gangs target members of the LGBT community. The pervasiveness of gang violence within El Salvador can also contribute to the lack of reporting hate crimes, for the fear of reprisal. While there is violence in the form of physical and sexual assault, it also takes the form of forced recruitment and "taxing" for one's safety. LGBT members who participate in sex work are also more likely to be victims of gang violence, due to increased exposure. [42]

Men particularly have faced violence from police officers, soldiers, and prison guards as they are often targeted for effeminate behavior or outfits. This comes in the form of unwarranted searching, stealing of property, sexual assault, and other physical violence.[43] Additionally, transgender people are often only recognized for their assigned gender at birth in the judicial system. In the investigation of Doris and Maricela in 1999, the two transvestites were forced to wear men's clothing for their hearing.[44]

On July 28, 2020, a judge in San Salvador ruled that three police officers were convicted of the killing of a transgender woman Camila Díaz Córdova in January 2019. They were sentenced to 20 years of prison each.[45]

Elections

Hugo Salinas, former Mayor of Intipucá (2009-2012), is the only known openly gay person to have held public office in El Salvador.[46]

Public opinion

A 2010 poll revealed that El Salvador had some of the lowest support for legalizing same-sex marriage in Latin America at 10%.[47]

The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 19% of Salvadorans supported same-sex marriage.[48]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal Yes (Since 1822)
Equal age of consent Yes (Since 1822)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only Yes (Since 2018)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services Yes (Since 2018)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) Yes (Since 2018)
Hate crime law includes sexual orientation and gender identity Yes (Since 2015)
Same-sex marriages No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Adoption by single LGBT persons Yes
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the military Yes
Right to change legal gender No
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth No
Conversion therapy banned on minors No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No (Banned regardless of sexual orientation)
Men who have sex with men allowed to donate blood Yes

See also

References

  1. ^ "Widespread Violence Against LGBT Salvadorans".
  2. ^ "Pressure mounts for El Salvador to investigate wave of LGBT+ killings".
  3. ^ Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (2016-12). "Voces desde el armario… prejuicios y discriminaciones hacia personas LGBT en el Salvador". Revista EPOS (in Spanish). 7 (2): 4–26. ISSN 2178-700X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ "The Hidden Victims of Wartime Rape".
  5. ^ "Salvadoran site El Faro doubles down on filmmaking efforts with a story about gangs and relationships that is racking up awards".
  6. ^ "Every Day I Live in Fear".
  7. ^ "GAY LIFE IN EL SALVADOR".
  8. ^ El Salvador Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 23 August 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos "Entre Amigos" (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF). San Salvador.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA A WORLD SURVEY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION LAWS OF CRIMINALISATION, PROTECTION AND RECOGNITION
  11. ^ a b c d e Bolles, Alexandra. ""Solidarity & Actions": Exclusive Interview with Young Lesbian Activists in El Salvador Part 1". GLAAD. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  12. ^ Bird, The Perchy (19 August 2016). "Same-sex Marriage Lawsuit Filed in El Salvador".
  13. ^ "Piden declarar inconstitucional exclusión de matrimonio a personas del mismo sexo". Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  14. ^ (in Spanish) Sala Constitucional de El Salvador rechaza solicitud de matrimonio homosexual
  15. ^ "Sala invalida proceso de reforma constitucional para prohibir matrimonio homosexual". Noticias de El Salvador - La Prensa Gráfica | Informate con la verdad.
  16. ^ "Corte Suprema de El Salvador rechaza nueva demanda del matrimonio igualitario". Washington Blade (in Spanish). 22 January 2019.
  17. ^ "Piden a juzgadse salvadoreña resolver demanda para permitir matrimonio gay". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 January 2019.
  18. ^ "Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage". Agence France-Presse. Yahoo7. 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  19. ^ López, Jaime (10 August 2019). "Sala Constitucional abre juicio por matrimonio homosexual". elsalvador.com (in Spanish).
  20. ^ "Tomo N.383; Numero 66" (PDF).
  21. ^ "UN HCR".
  22. ^ "Acuerdo nº 202 contra la discriminación sexual" (PDF).
  23. ^ El Salvador: Ministerial decree to reduce homophobia in health services, UN AIDS Archived 6 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 3 April 2009
  24. ^ "CÓDIGO PENAL DE EL SALVADOR" (PDF).
  25. ^ a b "El Salvador lawmakers pass enhanced hate crime penalties". 9 September 2015.
  26. ^ "El Salvador garantizará derechos de las personas LGBT mediante nueva política". 19 April 2018.
  27. ^ "El Salvador crea política para garantizar los derechos de las personas LGBT". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  28. ^ "Sala ordena legislar para que personas trans puedan cambiar su nombre". GatoEncerrado (in Spanish). 23 February 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  29. ^ Lanham, Michele; Ridgeway, Kathleen; Dayton, Robyn; Castillo, Britany M.; Brennan, Claire; Davis, Dirk A.; Emmanuel, Dadrina; Morales, Giuliana J.; Cheririser, Clifford; Rodriguez, Brandy; Cooke, Juana (2019-03). ""We're Going to Leave You for Last, Because of How You Are": Transgender Women's Experiences of Gender-Based Violence in Healthcare, Education, and Police Encounters in Latin America and the Caribbean". Violence and Gender. 6 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1089/vio.2018.0015. ISSN 2326-7836. PMC 6442261. PMID 30937323. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  30. ^ a b Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (2016-12). "Voces desde el armario… prejuicios y discriminaciones hacia personas LGBT en el Salvador". Revista EPOS (in Spanish). 7 (2): 4–26. ISSN 2178-700X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos "Entre Amigos" (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF). San Salvador.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ "Un AIDS". Archived from the original on 25 March 2009.
  33. ^ Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (2016). "Del orgullo gay a la Diversidad Sexual: organización de identidades sexuales disidentes en El Salvador". Diálogos Latinoamericanos (25): 99–116. ISSN 1600-0110.
  34. ^ El Salvador: Ministerial decree to reduce homophobia in health services, UN AIDS Archived 6 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 3 April 2009
  35. ^ Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (2016-12). "Voces desde el armario… prejuicios y discriminaciones hacia personas LGBT en el Salvador". Revista EPOS (in Spanish). 7 (2): 4–26. ISSN 2178-700X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (12 June 2017). "¿El armario está abierto?: estudios sobre diversidad sexual en El Salvador". Educação & Realidade (in Spanish). 42: 1375–1397. doi:10.1590/2175-623662013. ISSN 0100-3143.
  37. ^ Forgie, Anna (1 January 2011). "El Derecho A Amar (The Right to Love): Same-Sex Relationships in Spain and El Salvador". Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. 9 (2): 185.
  38. ^ "Global Voices - El Salvador's 'Rainbow Crosswalk' Promotes Pedestrian Safety and LGBTQ Rights". 31 July 2017.
  39. ^ Feder, Lester. "The Savior of the World Watched As These Trans Women Disappeared". Buzzfeed News.
  40. ^ Schenk, Anna (January–February 1999). "El Salvador's New War: Lesbian Gay Activism Confronts 'Social Cleansing'". Against the Current. 78.
  41. ^ Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (2016-12). "Voces desde el armario… prejuicios y discriminaciones hacia personas LGBT en el Salvador". Revista EPOS (in Spanish). 7 (2): 4–26. ISSN 2178-700X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ a b ""I'm Lucky to Still Be Alive" Violence and Discrimination Against LGBT People in El Salvador" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. January 2021. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |title= at position 30 (help)
  43. ^ Davis, Dirk A.; Morales, Giuliana J.; Ridgeway, Kathleen; Mendizabal, Modesto; Lanham, Michele; Dayton, Robyn; Cooke, Juana; Santi, Karin; Evens, Emily (1 February 2020). "The health impacts of violence perpetrated by police, military and other public security forces on gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in El Salvador". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 22 (2): 217–232. doi:10.1080/13691058.2019.1582801. ISSN 1369-1058. PMID 30957697.
  44. ^ Arévalo, Amaral Palevi Gómez (2016-12). "Voces desde el armario… prejuicios y discriminaciones hacia personas LGBT en el Salvador". Revista EPOS (in Spanish). 7 (2): 4–26. ISSN 2178-700X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ "El Salvador: Police Officers Convicted for Transgender Murder". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  46. ^ Chávez, Carlos. "Gay, VIH positivo y alcalde". La Prensa Gráfica.
  47. ^ Lodola, Germán; Margarita Corral (2010). "Support for Same‐ Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). AmericasBarometer Insight. 44.
  48. ^ "CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EN LAS AMÉRICAS, 2016/17" (PDF).
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