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==Dogs entered Africa from the Middle East==
==Dogs entered Africa from the Middle East==
The oldest dog remains to be found in Africa date 5,900 years [[before present]] (YBP) and were discovered at the [[Merimde culture|Merimde Beni-Salame]] Neolithic site in the Nile Delta, Egypt. The next oldest remains date 5,500 YBP and were found at Esh Shareinab on the Nile in Sudan. This suggests that the dog arrived from Asia at the same time as domestic sheep and goats.<ref name= Gautier2001/> The dog then spread north to south down Africa beside livestock herders, with remains found in archaeological sites dated 925–1,055 YBP at Ntusi in Uganda, dated 950–1,000 YBP at Kalomo in Zambia, and then at sites south of the Limpopo River and into southern Africa.<ref name=Clutton2016/>
The oldest dog remains to be found in Africa date 5,900 years [[before present]] (YBP) and were discovered at the [[Merimde culture|Merimde Beni-Salame]] Neolithic site in the Nile Delta, Egypt. The next oldest remains date 5,500 YBP and were found at Esh Shareinab on the Nile in Sudan. This suggests that the dog arrived from Asia at the same time as domestic sheep and goats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wendorf |first=Fred |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/885402023 |title=Holocene settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1, The archaeology of Nabta Playa |date=2001 |others=Romuald Schild |isbn=978-1-4615-0653-9 |location=New York |oclc=885402023}}</ref> refer page 620 The dog then spread north to south down Africa beside livestock herders, with remains found in archaeological sites dated 925–1,055 YBP at Ntusi in Uganda, dated 950–1,000 YBP at Kalomo in Zambia, and then at sites south of the Limpopo River and into southern Africa.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Clutton |first1=Juliet|last2=Driscoll|first2=Carlos A.|title=The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=James Serpell|year=2016|edition=2|chapter=1-Origins of the dog:The archaeological evidence|page=17|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FY6aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |isbn=978-1-107-02414-4}}</ref>


== Genetic diversity ==
== Genetic diversity ==
In 2009, a genetic study of African village dogs found that these were genetically distinct from the non-native and [[mixed breed]] dogs. The village dogs of Africa were a mosaic of native dogs that arrived early into Africa, and non-native mixed breed dogs. The [[Basenji]] clustered with the indigenous dogs, but the [[Pharaoh hound]] and the [[Rhodesian ridgeback]] were predominantly of non-African origin.<ref name=Boyko2009/>
In 2009, a genetic study of African village dogs found that these were genetically distinct from the non-native and [[mixed breed]] dogs. The village dogs of Africa were a mosaic of native dogs that arrived early into Africa, and non-native mixed breed dogs. The [[Basenji]] clustered with the indigenous dogs, but the [[Pharaoh hound]] and the [[Rhodesian ridgeback]] were predominantly of non-African origin.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Adam | last1 = Boyko |first2=Ryan H. |last2=Boykob |first3=Corin M. |last3=Boykob |first4= Heidi G. |last4=Parkerc |first5= Marta | last6 = Corey | first6 = L. | last7 = Degenhardt | first7 = J. D. | last8 = Auton | first8 = A. | last9 = Hedimbi | first9 = M. | last10 = Kityo | first10 = R. | last11 = Ostrander | first11 = E. A. | last12 = Schoenebeck | first12 = J. | last13 = Todhunter | first13 = R. J. | last14 = Jones | first14 = P. | last15 = Bustamante | first15 = C. D. |last5=Castelhanod | date = 2009-08-18 | title = Complex population structure in African village dogs and its implications for inferring dog domestication history | journal = PNAS | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0902129106 | pmid = 19666600 | volume=106 | issue=33| pages = 13903–13908 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..10613903B | pmc=2728993| doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Local variations ==
== Local variations ==
There are different types of African village dogs:
There are different types of African village dogs:
* '''Avuvi''': a pariah-type village dog from [[Ghana]]<ref>[http://west-african-dogs.blogspot.com/search/label/Avuvis Avuvis]. West African Dogs, Blogspot.com. Searched Feb 25th, 2019.</ref>
* '''Avuvi''': a pariah-type village dog from [[Ghana]]<ref>[http://west-african-dogs.blogspot.com/search/label/Avuvis Avuvis]. West African Dogs, Blogspot.com. Searched Feb 25th, 2019.</ref>
* '''Baganda Dog''': a [[Lurcher]]-like large game hunting dog from Uganda, named after the [[Baganda]] tribe<ref name="morris699">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 699. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Baganda Dog''': a [[Lurcher]]-like large game hunting dog from Uganda, named after the [[Baganda]] tribe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49515650 |title=Dogs : the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds |date=2002 |publisher=Trafalgar Square Pub |isbn=1-57076-219-8 |location=North Pomfret, Vt. |oclc=49515650}}</ref>
* '''Bagirmi Dog''': a large dog with piebald colour, named after the [[Baguirmi Department]] of [[Chad]]<ref name="morris699"/>
* '''Bagirmi Dog''': a large dog with piebald colour, named after the [[Baguirmi Department]] of [[Chad]]. <ref name=":0" />
* '''Cameroon Dog''': a hunting dog from West Africa, of medium size and primitive type, with erect ears, long legs and short coat, often piebald in colour, named after [[Cameroon]]<ref name="morris700">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 700. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Cameroon Dog''': a hunting dog from West Africa, of medium size and primitive type, with erect ears, long legs and short coat, often piebald in colour, named after [[Cameroon]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''East African Dog''': a hunting dog from [[Kenya]], large in size<ref name="morris702">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 702. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''East African Dog''': a hunting dog from [[Kenya]], large in size.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Hahoawu''': a "clean" medium-sized (11 to 14&nbsp;kg) watch dog from [[Togo]], with a far sight and a coat of fawn or red colour, well adapted to city life, named after the Haho river<ref>Kärmer, Eva-Maria. ''Der grosse Kosmos Hundeführer'', p. 114. Kosmos, Stuttgart: 2009.</ref>
* '''Hahoawu''': a "clean" medium-sized (11 to 14&nbsp;kg) watch dog from [[Togo]], with a far sight and a coat of fawn or red colour, well adapted to city life, named after the Haho river.<ref>Kärmer, Eva-Maria. ''Der grosse Kosmos Hundeführer'', p. 114. Kosmos, Stuttgart: 2009.</ref>
* '''Liberian Dog''' (a.k.a. Liberian Terrier): a [[terrier]]-like dog from West Africa, small and reddish-brown, named after [[Liberia]]<ref name="morris706">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 706. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Liberian Dog''' (a.k.a. Liberian Terrier): a [[terrier]]-like dog from West Africa, small and reddish-brown, named after [[Liberia]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Madagascar Hunting Dog''': a hunting dog from [[Madagascar]]<ref name="morris706"/>
* '''Madagascar Hunting Dog''': a hunting dog from [[Madagascar]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Manboutou Dog''': a local variant of the Nyam Nyam kept by the [[Mangbetu people|Mangbetu]] tribe of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref name="morris322">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 322. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Manboutou Dog''': a local variant of the Nyam Nyam kept by the [[Mangbetu people|Mangbetu]] tribe of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Nyam Nyam''' (a.k.a. Zande Dog): a small hunting dog from Central Africa with erect ears, a curly tail and a short coat of fawn colour, though to be similar or somehow related to the Basenji, named after the [[Zande people|Zande]] tribe<ref name="morris322">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 322. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Nyam Nyam''' (a.k.a. Zande Dog): a small hunting dog from Central Africa with erect ears, a curly tail and a short coat of fawn colour, though to be similar or somehow related to the Basenji, named after the [[Zande people|Zande]] tribe.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Simaku''': a [[Ratter (dog)|ratter]] from [[South Africa]], also used for cleaning yards (by scavenging waste), developed by crossing [[pariah dog]]s with terriers<ref name="morris710">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 710. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Simaku''': a [[Ratter (dog)|ratter]] from [[South Africa]], also used for cleaning yards (by scavenging waste), developed by crossing [[pariah dog]]s with terriers.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Sudan Greyhound''': an extinct hare-hunting dog from [[Sudan]]<ref name="morris710"/>
* '''Sudan Greyhound''': an extinct hare-hunting dog from [[Sudan]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''West African Mouse Dog''': an extinct small (36&nbsp;cm) [[Dobermann|Doberman Pinscher]]-like ratter, with a short, smooth and red coat<ref name="morris711">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 711. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''West African Mouse Dog''': an extinct small (36&nbsp;cm) [[Dobermann|Doberman Pinscher]]-like ratter, with a short, smooth and red coat.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Zulu Dog''': a small guard and hunting dog with a square muzzle and a fawn coat, named after the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] tribe<ref name="morris711"/>
* '''Zulu Dog''': a small guard and hunting dog with a square muzzle and a fawn coat, named after the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] tribe.<ref name=":0" />
Moreover, it is debatable whether the following breeds also belong or belonged to "African village dogs".{{Citation needed|reason=source?|date=August 2020}}
Moreover, it is debatable whether the following breeds also belong or belonged to "African village dogs".{{Citation needed|reason=source?|date=August 2020}}
* '''[[African hairless dog|Abyssinian Sand Terrier]]''': a probably extinct hairless dog{{Citation needed|reason=source?|date=August 2020}}
* '''[[African hairless dog|Abyssinian Sand Terrier]]''': a probably extinct hairless dog.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lane |first=Charles Henry |title=All About Dogs: A Book For Doggy People |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |year=1900 |isbn=978-1165937967 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Bisharin Greyhound''': a hare-hunting dog from Sudan, with erect ears and a curly tail, named after the [[Bishari tribe]]<ref name="morris37">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 37. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Bisharin Greyhound''': a hare-hunting dog from Sudan, with erect ears and a curly tail, named after the [[Bishari tribe]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Dinka Greyhound''': a [[Greyhound]]-like pariah hunting dog from Sudan, of a rougher type than the other Sudanese breeds, with a short, fawn coat, named after the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] tribe<ref name="morris37"/>
* '''Dinka Greyhound''': a [[Greyhound]]-like pariah hunting dog from Sudan, of a rougher type than the other Sudanese breeds, with a short, fawn coat, named after the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] tribe.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Egyptian Hairless Dog''': an extinct hairless dog, close relative of the Abyssinian Sand Terrier, small in size (41 cms), with drooping ears<ref name="morris579">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 579. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Egyptian Hairless Dog''': an extinct hairless dog, close relative or perhaps even the same breed as the Abyssinian Sand Terrier, small in size (41 cms), with drooping ears.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Shilluk Greyhound''' (a.k.a. Shilluk Dog): an antelope-hunting dog with a robust body and semi-erect (folded) ears, usually of red colour with a black mask, named after the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] tribe<ref name="morris38">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 38. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Shilluk Greyhound''' (a.k.a. Shilluk Dog): an antelope-hunting dog with a robust body and semi-erect (folded) ears, usually of red colour with a black mask, named after the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] tribe.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Zanzibar Greyhound''' (a.k.a. Zanzibar Dog): a large (68 cms) hunting dog from [[Zanzibar]], with erect ears, a robust body and a red-white colour, believed to be developed by crossing [[Saluki]]s with pariah dogs<ref name="morris39">Morris, Desmond. ''Dogs - The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds'', p. 39. Trafalgar Square, North Pomfret, Vermont: 2008.</ref>
* '''Zanzibar Greyhound''' (a.k.a. Zanzibar Dog): a large (68 cms) hunting dog from [[Zanzibar]], with erect ears, a robust body and a red-white colour, believed to be developed by crossing [[Saluki]]s with pariah dogs.<ref name=":0" />


==See also==
==See also==
Line 38: Line 38:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|2}}

<ref name=Boyko2009>{{cite journal | first1 = Adam | last1 = Boyko |first2=Ryan H. |last2=Boykob |first3=Corin M. |last3=Boykob |first4= Heidi G. |last4=Parkerc |first5= Marta | last6 = Corey | first6 = L. | last7 = Degenhardt | first7 = J. D. | last8 = Auton | first8 = A. | last9 = Hedimbi | first9 = M. | last10 = Kityo | first10 = R. | last11 = Ostrander | first11 = E. A. | last12 = Schoenebeck | first12 = J. | last13 = Todhunter | first13 = R. J. | last14 = Jones | first14 = P. | last15 = Bustamante | first15 = C. D. |last5=Castelhanod | date = 2009-08-18 | title = Complex population structure in African village dogs and its implications for inferring dog domestication history | journal = PNAS | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0902129106 | pmid = 19666600 | volume=106 | issue=33| pages = 13903–13908 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..10613903B | pmc=2728993| doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name=Clutton2016>{{cite book|last1= Clutton |first1=Juliet|last2=Driscoll|first2=Carlos A.|title=The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=James Serpell|year=2016|edition=2|chapter=1-Origins of the dog:The archaeological evidence|page=17|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FY6aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |isbn=978-1-107-02414-4}}</ref>

<ref name=Gautier2001>{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0653-9_23|chapter=The Early to Late Neolithic Archeofaunas from Nabta and Bir Kiseiba|title=Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara|year=2001|last1=Gautier|first1=Achilles|pages=609–635|isbn=978-1-4613-5178-8}} refer page 620</ref>
}}


{{Domestic dog}}
{{Domestic dog}}

Revision as of 17:57, 29 August 2022

African village dogs are those dogs found in Africa that are directly descended from an ancestral pool of indigenous dogs.[1] African village dogs became the close companion of people in Africa, beginning in North Africa and spreading south.[2]

Dogs entered Africa from the Middle East

The oldest dog remains to be found in Africa date 5,900 years before present (YBP) and were discovered at the Merimde Beni-Salame Neolithic site in the Nile Delta, Egypt. The next oldest remains date 5,500 YBP and were found at Esh Shareinab on the Nile in Sudan. This suggests that the dog arrived from Asia at the same time as domestic sheep and goats.[3] refer page 620 The dog then spread north to south down Africa beside livestock herders, with remains found in archaeological sites dated 925–1,055 YBP at Ntusi in Uganda, dated 950–1,000 YBP at Kalomo in Zambia, and then at sites south of the Limpopo River and into southern Africa.[4]

Genetic diversity

In 2009, a genetic study of African village dogs found that these were genetically distinct from the non-native and mixed breed dogs. The village dogs of Africa were a mosaic of native dogs that arrived early into Africa, and non-native mixed breed dogs. The Basenji clustered with the indigenous dogs, but the Pharaoh hound and the Rhodesian ridgeback were predominantly of non-African origin.[5]

Local variations

There are different types of African village dogs:

  • Avuvi: a pariah-type village dog from Ghana[6]
  • Baganda Dog: a Lurcher-like large game hunting dog from Uganda, named after the Baganda tribe.[7]
  • Bagirmi Dog: a large dog with piebald colour, named after the Baguirmi Department of Chad. [7]
  • Cameroon Dog: a hunting dog from West Africa, of medium size and primitive type, with erect ears, long legs and short coat, often piebald in colour, named after Cameroon.[7]
  • East African Dog: a hunting dog from Kenya, large in size.[7]
  • Hahoawu: a "clean" medium-sized (11 to 14 kg) watch dog from Togo, with a far sight and a coat of fawn or red colour, well adapted to city life, named after the Haho river.[8]
  • Liberian Dog (a.k.a. Liberian Terrier): a terrier-like dog from West Africa, small and reddish-brown, named after Liberia.[7]
  • Madagascar Hunting Dog: a hunting dog from Madagascar.[7]
  • Manboutou Dog: a local variant of the Nyam Nyam kept by the Mangbetu tribe of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[7]
  • Nyam Nyam (a.k.a. Zande Dog): a small hunting dog from Central Africa with erect ears, a curly tail and a short coat of fawn colour, though to be similar or somehow related to the Basenji, named after the Zande tribe.[7]
  • Simaku: a ratter from South Africa, also used for cleaning yards (by scavenging waste), developed by crossing pariah dogs with terriers.[7]
  • Sudan Greyhound: an extinct hare-hunting dog from Sudan.[7]
  • West African Mouse Dog: an extinct small (36 cm) Doberman Pinscher-like ratter, with a short, smooth and red coat.[7]
  • Zulu Dog: a small guard and hunting dog with a square muzzle and a fawn coat, named after the Zulu tribe.[7]

Moreover, it is debatable whether the following breeds also belong or belonged to "African village dogs".[citation needed]

  • Abyssinian Sand Terrier: a probably extinct hairless dog.[7][9]
  • Bisharin Greyhound: a hare-hunting dog from Sudan, with erect ears and a curly tail, named after the Bishari tribe.[7]
  • Dinka Greyhound: a Greyhound-like pariah hunting dog from Sudan, of a rougher type than the other Sudanese breeds, with a short, fawn coat, named after the Dinka tribe.[7]
  • Egyptian Hairless Dog: an extinct hairless dog, close relative or perhaps even the same breed as the Abyssinian Sand Terrier, small in size (41 cms), with drooping ears.[7]
  • Shilluk Greyhound (a.k.a. Shilluk Dog): an antelope-hunting dog with a robust body and semi-erect (folded) ears, usually of red colour with a black mask, named after the Shilluk tribe.[7]
  • Zanzibar Greyhound (a.k.a. Zanzibar Dog): a large (68 cms) hunting dog from Zanzibar, with erect ears, a robust body and a red-white colour, believed to be developed by crossing Salukis with pariah dogs.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "African Village Dogs Are Genetically Much More Diverse Than Modern Breeds". ScienceDaily. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  2. ^ Simpson, Professor MA (8 January 2013). "Dogs do come from Africa". health24. 24.com. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  3. ^ Wendorf, Fred (2001). Holocene settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1, The archaeology of Nabta Playa. Romuald Schild. New York. ISBN 978-1-4615-0653-9. OCLC 885402023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Clutton, Juliet; Driscoll, Carlos A. (2016). "1-Origins of the dog:The archaeological evidence". In James Serpell (ed.). The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-107-02414-4.
  5. ^ Boyko, Adam; Boykob, Ryan H.; Boykob, Corin M.; Parkerc, Heidi G.; Castelhanod, Marta; Corey, L.; Degenhardt, J. D.; Auton, A.; Hedimbi, M.; Kityo, R.; Ostrander, E. A.; Schoenebeck, J.; Todhunter, R. J.; Jones, P.; Bustamante, C. D. (2009-08-18). "Complex population structure in African village dogs and its implications for inferring dog domestication history". PNAS. 106 (33): 13903–13908. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10613903B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902129106. PMC 2728993. PMID 19666600.
  6. ^ Avuvis. West African Dogs, Blogspot.com. Searched Feb 25th, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Morris, Desmond (2002). Dogs : the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds. North Pomfret, Vt.: Trafalgar Square Pub. ISBN 1-57076-219-8. OCLC 49515650.
  8. ^ Kärmer, Eva-Maria. Der grosse Kosmos Hundeführer, p. 114. Kosmos, Stuttgart: 2009.
  9. ^ Lane, Charles Henry (1900). All About Dogs: A Book For Doggy People. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1165937967.
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