Xingu peoples: Difference between revisions
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The Xingu living in this region have similar habits and social systems, despite different languages. Specifically, they consist of the following peoples: the [[Aweti]], [[Kalapalo]], [[Kamaiurá]], [[Kayapó]], [[Kuikuro]], [[Matipu]], [[Mehinako]], [[Nahukuá]], [[Suyá]], [[Trumai people|Trumai]], [[Wauja]] and [[Yawalapiti]]. |
The Xingu living in this region have similar habits and social systems, despite different languages. Specifically, they consist of the following peoples: the [[Aweti]], [[Kalapalo]], [[Kamaiurá]], [[Kayapó]], [[Kuikuro]], [[Matipu]], [[Mehinako]], [[Nahukuá]], [[Suyá]], [[Trumai people|Trumai]], [[Wauja]] and [[Yawalapiti]]. |
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== Intertribal Relations == |
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The different tribes comprising the Xingu have not been reported to wage wars against each other.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Fry |first=Douglas P. |title=Learning from Extant Cultures of Peace |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09575-2_2 |work=Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace |pages=11–26 |editor-last=de Rivera |editor-first=Joseph |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-09575-2_2 |isbn=978-0-387-09575-2 |access-date=2022-09-14 |last2=Bonta |first2=Bruce D. |last3=Baszarkiewicz |first3=Karolina}}</ref> The only violence seen between the groups are murders from witchcraft, wrestling matches that take place either between people of the same tribe or between people of different tribes as a means of letting people release the anger they have towards one another, and defending themselves from invasions from other tribes.<ref name=":0" /> The Xingu classify people into three different categories that they believe exist because the Sun gave people different personal traits; these categories are the Xingu people, the other indigenous people, and the white people.<ref name=":0" /> In a Wauja myth, the Xingu are seen as peaceful whereas these other two groups are seen as violent.<ref name=":0" /> The Xingu people maintain peace within their own tribes through trade, intermarriage, and ceremonies.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Revision as of 15:36, 14 September 2022
 Mehinako Indians, ca. 1894 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 3,000 |
Xingu peoples are indigenous peoples of Brazil living near the Xingu River. They have many cultural similarities despite their different ethnologies. Xingu people represent fifteen tribes and all four of Brazil's indigenous language groups, but they share similar belief systems, rituals and ceremonies.
Precolumbian history
The Upper Xingu region was heavily populated prior to European and African contact. Densely populated settlements developed from 1200 to 1600 CE.[1] Ancient roads and bridges linked communities that were often surrounded by ditches or moats. The villages were pre-planned and featured circular plazas. Archaeologists have unearthed 19 villages so far.[2]
Post-contact history
Kuikuro oral history says Portuguese slavers arrived in the Xingu region around 1750. Xinuguano population was estimated in the tens of thousands but was dramatically reduced by diseases and slavery by Portuguese.[2] In the centuries since the penetration of the Europeans into South America, the Xingu fled from different regions to avoid the spread of deadly disease and enslavement by the Portuguese. By the end of the 19th century, about 3,000 natives lived at the Alto Xingu, where their current political status has kept them protected against foreign intruders. By the mid twentieth century this number had been reduced by foreign epidemic diseases such as flu, measles, smallpox and malaria to less than 1,000. Only an estimated 500 Xingu peoples were alive in the 1950s.[2]
The Brazilian Villas-Bôas brothers visited the area beginning in 1946, and pushed for the creation of the Parque Indígena do Xingu, eventually established in 1961. Their story is told in a film, Xingu. The number of Xingu living there in 32 settlements has risen again to over 3000 inhabitants, half of them younger than 15 years.
The Xingu living in this region have similar habits and social systems, despite different languages. Specifically, they consist of the following peoples: the Aweti, Kalapalo, Kamaiurá, Kayapó, Kuikuro, Matipu, Mehinako, Nahukuá, Suyá, Trumai, Wauja and Yawalapiti.
Intertribal Relations
The different tribes comprising the Xingu have not been reported to wage wars against each other.[3] The only violence seen between the groups are murders from witchcraft, wrestling matches that take place either between people of the same tribe or between people of different tribes as a means of letting people release the anger they have towards one another, and defending themselves from invasions from other tribes.[3] The Xingu classify people into three different categories that they believe exist because the Sun gave people different personal traits; these categories are the Xingu people, the other indigenous people, and the white people.[3] In a Wauja myth, the Xingu are seen as peaceful whereas these other two groups are seen as violent.[3] The Xingu people maintain peace within their own tribes through trade, intermarriage, and ceremonies.[3]
Notes
- ^ Hackenberger, Michael J. et al. "Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?" Science Magazine. 25 July 2003 (retrieved 25 June 2011)
- ^ a b c Wren, Kathleen. "Lost cities of the Amazon revealed." 'NBC News' (retrieved 25 June 2019)
- ^ a b c d e Fry, Douglas P.; Bonta, Bruce D.; Baszarkiewicz, Karolina (2009), de Rivera, Joseph (ed.), "Learning from Extant Cultures of Peace", Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 11–26, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09575-2_2, ISBN 978-0-387-09575-2, retrieved 2022-09-14
Further reading
Stenzel, Kris & Bruna Franchetto (eds.) (2017). On This and Other Worlds: Voices from Amazonia. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-018-7. doi:10.5281/zenodo.892102. Open access.
External links
- The Indians of the Xingu: Cultural Homogenization in the Amazon Rainforest
- A Report on the Xingu Peoples and the Land
- A Xingu case study, the Rainforest Action Network
- Xingu, on Povos indigenous no Brasil
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