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An analysis of 44 PhD dissertations about electronic literature published between 2002 and 2013<ref name=":1" /> found a clear shift in the genres referenced by the authors of the dissertations during this period. Between 2002 and 2008, the referenced works clustered in four distinct genre groups: [[interactive fiction]], generative literature, classic [[hypertext fiction]] (mostly published on disk or in print) and web hypertexts, including more experimental works and some poetry.<ref name=":1" />
An analysis of 44 PhD dissertations about electronic literature published between 2002 and 2013<ref name=":1" /> found a clear shift in the genres referenced by the authors of the dissertations during this period. Between 2002 and 2008, the referenced works clustered in four distinct genre groups: [[interactive fiction]], generative literature, classic [[hypertext fiction]] (mostly published on disk or in print) and web hypertexts, including more experimental works and some poetry.<ref name=":1" />

[[Blog fiction]] and [[fan fiction]] are born-digital literary genres that also became popular in this period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Segar |first=Emma |date=2017 |title=Blog fiction and its successors: The emergence of a relational poetics |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354856516678369 |journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1177/1354856516678369 |issn=1354-8565}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellekson |first=Karen |title=The Fan Fiction Studies Reader |last2=Busse |first2=Kristina |date=2014 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |isbn=978-1-60938-227-8 |location=Iowa City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roering |first=Johanna |title=Internet Fictions |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=9781443803038 |editor-last=Hotz-Davies |editor-first=Ingrid |chapter="I Love Mer/Der. When They Aren't Together, I Die": Television Characters Blogging |editor-last2=Kirchhofer |editor-first2=Anton |editor-last3=Leppänen |editor-first3=Sirpa}}</ref> Blog fictions have been a particularly popular genre of [[electronic literature]] in Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santana |first=Stephanie Bosch |date=2018 |title=From Nation to Network: Blog and Facebook Fiction from Southern Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/reseafrilite.49.1.11 |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=187–208 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.1.11 |issn=0034-5210}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Adenekan |first=Shola |title=African Short Stories and the Online Writing Space |date=2013 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137292087_13 |work=The Postcolonial Short Story |pages=199–213 |editor-last=Awadalla |editor-first=Maggie |access-date=2023-06-09 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137292087_13 |isbn=978-1-349-33930-3 |last2=Cousins |first2=Helen |editor2-last=March-Russell |editor2-first=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Ashleigh |date=2018-07-03 |title=Introduction: African Street Literatures and the Global Publishing Go-Slow |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00138398.2018.1540173 |journal=English Studies in Africa |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1080/00138398.2018.1540173 |issn=0013-8398}}</ref> The literary orality of blogs has also been analysed as a feature of African American blogs<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steele |first=Catherine Knight |date=October 2016 |title=The Digital Barbershop: Blogs and Online Oral Culture Within the African American Community |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305116683205 |journal=Social Media + Society |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=205630511668320 |doi=10.1177/2056305116683205 |issn=2056-3051}}</ref>


=== 2010s ===
=== 2010s ===
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* Simanowski, Roberto; Schäfer, Jörgen; Gendolla, Peter (eds.). ''Reading Moving Letters. Digital Literature in Research and Teaching: A Handbook.'' Bielefeld (Germany): Transcript, 2010.
* Simanowski, Roberto; Schäfer, Jörgen; Gendolla, Peter (eds.). ''Reading Moving Letters. Digital Literature in Research and Teaching: A Handbook.'' Bielefeld (Germany): Transcript, 2010.
* [http://www.uic.edu/depts/engl/people/prof/jtabbi/bio.html Tabbi, Joseph]. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110918080845/http://onthehuman.org/2009/07/on-reading-300-works-of-electronic-literature-preliminary-reflections/ On Reading 300 Works of Electronic Literature: Preliminary Reflections]." On The Human: A Project of the National Humanities Center. July 22, 2009.
* [http://www.uic.edu/depts/engl/people/prof/jtabbi/bio.html Tabbi, Joseph]. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110918080845/http://onthehuman.org/2009/07/on-reading-300-works-of-electronic-literature-preliminary-reflections/ On Reading 300 Works of Electronic Literature: Preliminary Reflections]." On The Human: A Project of the National Humanities Center. July 22, 2009.
*---. "Locating the Literary in New Media." ''Contemporary Literature'' (Summer 2008). Also online at [http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/criticalecologies/interpretive ].
*---. "Locating the Literary in New Media." ''Contemporary Literature'' (Summer 2008). Also online at [http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/criticalecologies/interpretive].
* Thacker, Eugene (ed.). ''[http://www.altx.com/ebooks/hard_code.html Hard_Code: Narrating the Network Society]'', Alt-X Press, 2001.
* Thacker, Eugene (ed.). ''[http://www.altx.com/ebooks/hard_code.html Hard_Code: Narrating the Network Society]'', Alt-X Press, 2001.
* [[McKenzie Wark|Wark, McKenzie]]. "[http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/archives/v3/wark.html From Hypertext to Codework]," ''Hypermedia Joyce Studies'', vol 3, issue 1 (2002).
* [[McKenzie Wark|Wark, McKenzie]]. "[http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/archives/v3/wark.html From Hypertext to Codework]," ''Hypermedia Joyce Studies'', vol 3, issue 1 (2002).

Revision as of 11:49, 11 June 2023

Electronic literature
FeaturesLiterary fiction that uses the capabilities of computers and networks
Related genres
Hypertext fiction, Interactive fiction, Digital poetry, Computer-generated literature, Cell phone novels, Instapoetry, Cybertext, Creepypasta, Fan fiction, Netprov
Photo of an old disk from the 1990s.
Many early hypertext fictions were sold on diskette, like Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl (1993).

Electronic literature or digital literature is a genre of literature encompassing works created exclusively on and for digital devices, such as computers, tablets, and mobile phones. A work of electronic literature can be defined as "a construction whose literary aesthetics emerge from computation", "work that could only exist in the space for which it was developed/written/coded—the digital space".[1] This means that these writings cannot be easily printed, or cannot be printed at all, because elements crucial to the text are unable to be carried over onto a printed version. As Di Rosario et al. 2021 note "Electronic literature is a digital-oriented literature, but the reader should not confuse it with digitized print literature."[2]

Definitions

N. Katherine Hayles defines electronic literature as "'digital born' (..) and (usually) meant to be read on a computer",[3] clarifying that this does not include e-books and digitised print literature. A definition offered by the Electronic Literature Organization (ELO) states electronic literature "refers to works with an important literary aspect that takes advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by the stand-alone or networked computer". This can include hypertext fiction, animated poetry (often called kinetic poetry) and other forms of digital poetry, literary chatbots, computer-generated narratives or poetry, art installations with significant literary aspects, interactive fiction and literary uses of social media.

The definition of electronic literature is controversial within the field, with strict definitions being criticised for excluding valuable works, and looser definitions being so murky as to be useless.[4] Scott Rettberg argues that an advantage of a wide definition is its flexibility, which allows it to include new genres as new platforms and modes of literature emerge.[4]

History

1950s

The first literary works for digital media were written by computer scientists. Christopher Strachey's love letter generator, written for the Manchester Mark 1 computer in 1952, is probably the first example of electronic literature.[5][6][7] This is an example of combinatory poetry, also called generative poetry.

1960s

Joseph Weizenbaum programmed the chatbot ELIZA in 1966, establishing a new genre of conversational literary artefacts or bots.[8]

1970s

In 1975–76, Will Crowther programmed a text game named Colossal Cave Adventure (also known as Adventure). Considered one of the earlier computer adventure games, it possessed a story that had the reader make choices on which way to go. These choices could lead the reader to the end, or to his or her untimely death. This non-linear format was later mimicked by the text adventure game, Zork, created by a group of MIT students in 1977–79. These two games are considered to be the first examples of interactive fiction as well as some of the earliest video games.

1980s

The eighties were a time of experimentation, but the field was not connected enough for people to be aware of each other. Bp Nichol published "First Screening: Computer Poems" written in BASIC in 1984. Judy Malloy published Uncle Roger on The WELL in 1986/87. Michael Joyce's Afternoon, a story was demonstrated at a conference, and was then published by Eastgate Systems.

Digital artists also created works with strong literary components that have had an influence on the field of electronic literature. An example is Jeremy Shaw's The Legible City (1989).[9]

1990s

See also: Hypertext fiction

The "Storyspace school" characterised the early 1990s,[10] consisting of works created using Storyspace, software developed by Jay David Bolter and Michael Joyce in the 1980s.[11] They sold the software in 1990 to Eastgate Systems, a small software company that has maintained and updated the code in Storyspace up to the present.[12] Storyspace and similar programs use hypertext to create links within text. Literature using hypertext is frequently referred to as hypertext fiction. Originally, these stories were often disseminated on discs and later on CD.[13] Hypertext fiction is still being created today using not only Storyspace, but other programs such as Twine.

Key works from this period include Stuart Moulthrop's Victory Garden, Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl (1995) and Deena Larsen's work.

Towards the middle of the decade, authors began writing on the web. Stuart Moulthrop's Hegirascope was published in 1995. Early web-based hypertext fictions include Olia Lialina's My Boyfriend Came Back from the War, Adrienne Eisen's Six Sex Scenes and Robert Arellano's Sunshine '69, all published in 1996.

Scott Rettberg, William Gillespie, Dirk Stratton, and Frank Marquadt's sprawling hypertext novel The Unknown won the trAce/Alt-X Hypertext Competition in 1998.[14] It was also featured in the Electronic Literature Collection Vol. 2,[15] and has been analysed by a number of scholars.[16][17][18][19]

The Electronic Literature Organization was founded in 1999 by Scott Rettberg, Robert Coover and Jeff Ballowe, and is still active today, with annual conferences, online discussions and publications.

2000s

Network visualisation showing titles of works clustered in four groups, each corresponding to a genre: Interactive fiction, web hypertexts, hypertext fictions (mostly on disk) and generative works.
A network visualisation showing works of electronic literature cited by two or more PhD dissertations on electronic literature defended between 2002 and 2008. Four clear genres emerge: interactive fiction, generative works, hypertext fictions and more experimental web hypertexts and poetry.[20]
PhD dissertations on electronic literature completed between 2009 and 2013 show a shift in genres. Classic hypertext fiction is still present (the red circle), as are the experimental webtexts, interactive fiction and generative works. Two new distinct genres have emerged as important to this generation of dissertation writers: kinetic poetry and digital poetry installation art.[21]

In Japan, cell phone novels became popular from the early 2000s.[22] Similar genres emerged in other countries where text messaging was well-established, including India[23] and Europe.[24]

In North America the web was becoming the main platform for electronic literature. Caitlin Fisher's These Waves of Girls (2001) was a hypermedia novella telling stories of girlhood, using images and sounds as well as links and text. Talan Memmott's Lexia to Perplexia (2000) offered complex visual and textual layers that sometimes confuse and occlude themselves,[25] and is described by Lisa Swanstrom as a "beautifully intricate piece of electronic literature".[26]

Kate Pullinger's Inanimate Alice is an example of a work that began as a web novel and then saw versions across several media, including a screenplay and a VR experience. Works like The Impermanence Agent, by Noah Wardrip-Fruin and collaborators, explored the web's ability to customise a story for the reader.[27]

An analysis of 44 PhD dissertations about electronic literature published between 2002 and 2013[10] found a clear shift in the genres referenced by the authors of the dissertations during this period. Between 2002 and 2008, the referenced works clustered in four distinct genre groups: interactive fiction, generative literature, classic hypertext fiction (mostly published on disk or in print) and web hypertexts, including more experimental works and some poetry.[10]

Blog fiction and fan fiction are born-digital literary genres that also became popular in this period.[28][29][30] Blog fictions have been a particularly popular genre of electronic literature in Africa.[31][32][33] The literary orality of blogs has also been analysed as a feature of African American blogs[34]

2010s

The spread of smartphones and tablets led to literary works that explored the touchscreen, such as Samantha Gorman and Danny Cannizarro's Pry (2014)[35] or Kate Pullinger's Breathe: A Ghost Story.[5]

Netprov, improvisational and collaborative networked writing was another genre that developed during the 2000s and 2010s, with projects like #1WkNoTech.[36][37] Instapoetry, a visual style of poetry native to Instagram became a popular success.[38]

As machine learning made rapid advances with natural language processing and deep learning, authors began to experiment and write with the AI.[39][40] David Jhave Johnston's ReRites is an example of a poetic work written as a human-AI collaboration.

Dissertations published between 2009 and 2013 still cite many works in the genres of hypertext fiction, interactive fiction, experimental webtexts and generative texts, but digital poetry also emerged as a significant genre, with dissertation authors writing about two distinct clusters of digital poetry: kinetic poetry and poetic installations in art galleries. Many of these works were from the 1980s to the early 2000s, so this may indicate an uptake in scholarly interest rather than a large change in what kinds of creative works were actually published in the 2010s.[10]

Scholarship

Hypertext and cybertext

Digital literature tends to require a user to traverse through the literature through the digital setting, making the use of the medium part of the literary exchange. Espen J. Aarseth wrote in his book Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature that "it is possible to explore, get lost, and discover secret paths in these texts, not metaphorically, but through the topological structures of the textual machinery".[41] Espen Aarseth defines "ergodic literature" as literature where "nontrivial effort is required to allow the reader to traverse the text".[13]

Historical research

Various histories of electronic literature and its subgenera have been written. Scott Rettberg's Electronic Literature[4] provides a broad overview, while more specialised books discuss the history of specific genres or periods, like Chris Funkhouser's Prehistoric Digital Poetry[42] and Astrid Ensslin's Pre-web Digital Publishing and the Lore of Electronic Literature.[43]

Leonardo Flores proposes a generational understanding of electronic literature, where the first generation is pre-web, the second uses the web, and the third generation uses social media, web APIs and mobile devices.[44] However, not all works fit within this structure, as Spencer Jordan notes, writing that "A work such as The Unknown, for example, sits uneasily between second and third generation definitions."[45]

Preservation and archiving

Electronic literature, according to Hayles, becomes unplayable after a decade or less due to the "fluid nature of media". Therefore, electronic literature risks losing the opportunity to build the "traditions associated with print literature".[46] On the other hand, classics such as Michael Joyce's afternoon, a story (1987) are still read and have been republished on CD, while simple HTML hypertext fictions from the 1990s are still accessible online and can be read in modern browsers.

Several organizations are dedicated to preserving works of electronic literature. The UK-based Digital Preservation Coalition aims to preserve digital resources in general, while the Electronic Literature Organization's PAD (Preservation / Archiving / Dissemination) initiative gave recommendations on how to think ahead when writing and publishing electronic literature, as well as how to migrate works running on defunct platforms to current technologies.[47][48]

The Electronic Literature Collection is a series of anthologies of electronic literature published by the Electronic Literature Organization, both on CD/DVD and online, and this is another strategy in working to make sure that electronic literature is available for future generations.

The Maryland Institute for Technologies in the Humanities and the Electronic Literature Lab[49] at Washington State University Vancouver also work towards the documentation and preservation of electronic literature and hypermedia.

Databases and directories

  • The Electronic Literature Knowledge Base (ELMCIP)[50] is a research resource for electronic literature, with 3,851 entries as of September 2, 2022.
  • The Electronic Literature Organization's Next Museum hosts 38 collections of digital art and writing as of September 2, 2022.[51]
  • The Electronic Literature Directory[52]
  • NT2: Le laboratoire de recherche sur les oeuvres hypermédiatiques[53]
  • African Electronic Literature Alliance & African Diasporic Electronic Literature (AELA & ADELI)[54]

See also

References

  1. ^ Heckman, Davin; O'Sullivan, James (2018). "Electronic Literature: Contexts and Poetics". Literary Studies in the Digital Age: An Evolving Anthology. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  2. ^ O'Sullivan, James (2021). Electronic Literature as Digital Humanities Contexts, Forms, & Practices. Open access: Bloomsbury Academic Press. pp. 315–323. ISBN 978-1-5013-6350-4.
  3. ^ Hayles, N. Katherine (2008). Electronic Literature: New Horizons for the Literary. South Bend, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 3.
  4. ^ a b c Rettberg, Scott (2019). Electronic literature. Cambridge, UK. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-5095-1677-3. OCLC 1028213515.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b Rettberg, Jill Walker (2021). "Speculative Interfaces: How Electronic Literature Uses the Interface to Make Us Think about Technology". doi:10.7273/1xsg-nv26. Retrieved 2022-10-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Gaboury, Jacob (2013-12-01). "Darling sweetheart: Queer objects in early computer art". Metaverse Creativity. 3 (1–2): 23–27. doi:10.1386/mvcr.3.1-2.23_1.
  7. ^ Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (2011-06-16). "14. Digital Media Archaeology: Interpreting Computational Processes". Media Archaeology. University of California Press. pp. 302–322. doi:10.1525/9780520948518-016. ISBN 978-0-520-94851-8. S2CID 226776992.
  8. ^ "ELIZA (Encyclopedia entry)". ELMCIP: Electronic Literature Knowledge Base. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  9. ^ "The Legible City | ELMCIP". elmcip.net. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  10. ^ a b c d Rettberg, Jill Walker (2012). "Electronic Literature Seen from a Distance The Beginnings of a Field". Dichtung Digital (41). hdl:1956/6272.
  11. ^ Bolter, J. David and Michael Joyce (1987). "Hypertext and Creative Writing", Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 1987, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, pages 41-50
  12. ^ Barnet, Belinda. "Machine Enhanced (Re)minding: The Development of Storyspace."
  13. ^ a b Aarseth, Espen J. Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997
  14. ^ "trAce/Alt-X Hypertext Competition 1998 Results". unknownhypertext.com. 1998. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  15. ^ Rettberg, Scott; Gillespie, William; Stratton, Dirk; Marquadt, Frank (2011) [1998]. Borràs, Laura; Memmott, Talan; Raley, Rita; Stefans, Brian (eds.). "The Unknown". collection.eliterature.org. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  16. ^ Kolb, David A. (2012). "Story/Story". Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. HT '12. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 99–102. doi:10.1145/2309996.2310013. ISBN 9781450313353. S2CID 208938632.
  17. ^ Pisarski, Mariusz (2016). "Collaboration in e-literature". World Literature Studies. 8 (3): 78–89. ISSN 1337-9275.
  18. ^ Ciccoricco, David (2007-11-25). Reading Network Fiction. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817315894. the unknown hypertext gillespie.
  19. ^ Desrochers, Nadine; Tomaszek, Patricia (2014). "Bridging The Unknown : An Interdisciplinary Case Study of Paratext in Electronic Literature": 160–189. hdl:1866/12174. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Rettberg, Jill Walker (2014). "Visualising Networks of Electronic Literature: Dissertations and the Creative Works They Cite". Electronic Book Review.
  21. ^ Rettberg, Jill Walker (2014). "Visualising Networks of Electronic Literature: Dissertations and the Creative Works They Cite". Electronic Book Review.
  22. ^ Kim, Kyoung-hwa Yonnie (2014). "Genealogy of Mobile Creativity: A Media Archaeological Approach to Literary Practice in Japan". In Goggin, Gerald; Hjorth, Larissa (eds.). The Routledge companion to mobile media. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-80947-4. OCLC 864429273.
  23. ^ T, Shanmugapriya; Menon, Nirmala (2018). "Locating New Literary Practices in Indian Digital Spaces". MatLit: Materialities of Literature. 6: 159–174. doi:10.14195/2182-8830_6-1_11. S2CID 194930590.
  24. ^ Walker, Jill (2005). "Distributed Narrative: Telling Stories Across Networks'". In Consalvo, Mia; Hunsinger, Jeremy; Baym, Nancy (eds.). The 2005 Association of Internet Researchers Annual. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 91–102.
  25. ^ Hayles, N. Katherine (2001). "Metaphoric networks in 'Lexia to perplexia'". Digital Creativity. 12 (3): 133–139. doi:10.1076/digc.12.3.133.3226. ISSN 1462-6268. S2CID 45507019.
  26. ^ Swanstrom, Lisa (2011). ""Terminal Hopscotch": Navigating Networked Space in Talan Memmott's Lexia to Perplexia". Contemporary Literature. 52 (3): 493–521. doi:10.1353/cli.2011.0038. ISSN 1548-9949. S2CID 161529462.
  27. ^ Wardrip-Fruin (1998). "The Impermanence Agent". www.impermanenceagent.org. with Adam Chapman, Brion Moss, and Duane Whitehurst. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  28. ^ Segar, Emma (2017). "Blog fiction and its successors: The emergence of a relational poetics". Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 23 (1): 20–33. doi:10.1177/1354856516678369. ISSN 1354-8565.
  29. ^ Hellekson, Karen; Busse, Kristina (2014). The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-60938-227-8.
  30. ^ Roering, Johanna (2008). ""I Love Mer/Der. When They Aren't Together, I Die": Television Characters Blogging". In Hotz-Davies, Ingrid; Kirchhofer, Anton; Leppänen, Sirpa (eds.). Internet Fictions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443803038.
  31. ^ Santana, Stephanie Bosch (2018). "From Nation to Network: Blog and Facebook Fiction from Southern Africa". Research in African Literatures. 49 (1): 187–208. doi:10.2979/reseafrilite.49.1.11. ISSN 0034-5210.
  32. ^ Adenekan, Shola; Cousins, Helen (2013), Awadalla, Maggie; March-Russell, Paul (eds.), "African Short Stories and the Online Writing Space", The Postcolonial Short Story, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 199–213, doi:10.1057/9781137292087_13, ISBN 978-1-349-33930-3, retrieved 2023-06-09
  33. ^ Harris, Ashleigh (2018-07-03). "Introduction: African Street Literatures and the Global Publishing Go-Slow". English Studies in Africa. 61 (2): 1–8. doi:10.1080/00138398.2018.1540173. ISSN 0013-8398.
  34. ^ Steele, Catherine Knight (October 2016). "The Digital Barbershop: Blogs and Online Oral Culture Within the African American Community". Social Media + Society. 2 (4): 205630511668320. doi:10.1177/2056305116683205. ISSN 2056-3051.
  35. ^ Locke, Charley. "You Don't Want to Know What PTSD Is Like, but Pry, a Powerful iOS Game, Tries to Show You Anyway". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  36. ^ Burr, Lauren (2015). "Bicycles, Bonfires and an Airport Apocalypse: The Poetics and Ethics of Netprov". Hyperrhiz: New Media Cultures (11): 1. doi:10.20415/hyp/011.e01.
  37. ^ Wittig, Rob (2021). Netprov: Networked Improvised Literature for the Classroom and Beyond. Ann Arbor, MI: Amherst College Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.12387128. ISBN 978-1-943208-28-9. S2CID 245087341.
  38. ^ Pâquet, Lili (2019). "Selfie‐Help: The Multimodal Appeal of Instagram Poetry". The Journal of Popular Culture. 52 (2): 296–314. doi:10.1111/jpcu.12780. ISSN 0022-3840. S2CID 167066039.
  39. ^ Querubín, Natalia Sánchez; Niederer, Sabine (2022-10-31). "Climate futures: Machine learning from cli-fi". Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies: 135485652211357. doi:10.1177/13548565221135715. ISSN 1354-8565. S2CID 253321350.
  40. ^ Sloan, Robin; Hamilton, Diane; Triantafyllou, Eugenia; Liu, Ken; Parrish, Allison; Wijeratne, Yudhanjaya; Garcia-Rosas, Nelly Geraldine; Tolabi, Wole; Hebert, Ernest. "Wordcraft Writers Workshop". Woodcraft Writers Workshop. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  41. ^ Aarseth, Espen J. (1997). "Ergodic Literature". Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature (PDF). The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801855795.
  42. ^ Funkhouser, Chris (2007). Prehistoric digital poetry : an archaeology of forms, 1959-1995. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-8087-8. OCLC 183291342.
  43. ^ Ensslin, Astrid (2022). Pre-web digital publishing and the lore of electronic literature. Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-108-90316-5. OCLC 1310979695.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  44. ^ Flores, Leonardo (2019). "Third Generation Electronic Literature". Electronic Book Review. doi:10.7273/axyj-3574.
  45. ^ Jordan, Spencer (2020). Postdigital storytelling : poetics, praxis, research. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-138-08350-9. OCLC 1111641012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  46. ^ 4 Preservation, Archiving, and Dissemination, Electronic Literature: What is it?
  47. ^ Montfort, Nick and Noah Wardrip-Fruin "Acid-Free Bits: Recommendations for Long-Lasting Electronic Literature". The Electronic Literature Organization, 2004.
  48. ^ Alan Liu, David Durand, Nick Montfort, Merrilee Proffitt, Liam R. E. Quin, Jean-Hugues Réty, and Noah Wardrip-Fruin. "2005 "Born-Again Bits: A Framework for Migrating Electronic Literature". Electronic Literature Organization, 2005.
  49. ^ "Electronic Literature Lab". Electronic Literature Lab. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  50. ^ ELMCIP website
  51. ^ "The NEXT Welcome Space". The NEXT. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  52. ^ "Home | Electronic Literature Directory". directory.eliterature.org. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  53. ^ "ALN | NT2". nt2.uqam.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  54. ^ "MAELD & ADELD". africanelit.org. Retrieved 2022-10-17.

Further reading

  • Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print, Second Edition. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001.
  • ---. Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.
  • Ciccoricco, David. Reading Network Fiction. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007.
  • Gendolla, Peter; Schäfer, Jörgen (eds.). The Aesthetics of Net Literature. Writing, Reading and Playing in Programmable Media. Bielefeld (Germany): Transcript, 2007.
  • Glazier, Loss Pequeño. Digital Poetics: the Making of E-Poetries. Alabama, 2002.
  • Hansen, Mark B. N. Bodies in Code: Interfaces With Digital Media. Routledge, 2006.
  • ---. New Philosophy For New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.
  • Hayles, N. Katherine. Electronic Literature: New Horizons for the Literary. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008. Electronic Literature: New Horizons For The Literary
  • ---. My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
  • ---. Writing Machines. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.
  • Landow, George. Hypertext 3.0: Critical Theory and New Media in an Era of Globalization (Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society), 2005
  • ---.Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology (Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society), 1997
  • ---.Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology (Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society), 1991
  • ---.Hyper/Text/Theory, 1994
  • Manovich, Lev.The Language of New Media, MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, USA, 2001.
  • Moulthrop, Stuart. You Say You Want a Revolution: Hypertext and the Laws of Media. Postmodern Culture, v.1 n.3 (May, 1991).
  • Pressman, Jessica. "The Strategy of Digital Modernism: Young-hae Chang Heavy Industries' Dakota," Modern Fiction Studies 54(2); 302-26.
  • Schäfer, Jörgen; Gendolla, Peter (eds.). Beyond the Screen. Transformations of Literary Structures, Interfaces and Genres. Bielefeld (Germany): Transcript, 2010.
  • Simanowski, Roberto; Schäfer, Jörgen; Gendolla, Peter (eds.). Reading Moving Letters. Digital Literature in Research and Teaching: A Handbook. Bielefeld (Germany): Transcript, 2010.
  • Tabbi, Joseph. "On Reading 300 Works of Electronic Literature: Preliminary Reflections." On The Human: A Project of the National Humanities Center. July 22, 2009.
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  • Thacker, Eugene (ed.). Hard_Code: Narrating the Network Society, Alt-X Press, 2001.
  • Wark, McKenzie. "From Hypertext to Codework," Hypermedia Joyce Studies, vol 3, issue 1 (2002).
  • Hispanic Electronic Literature Institutional web of the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes about hypertext and multimedia fiction.
  • Wikipedia Literatura Electronica Hispanica in Wikipedia.es
  • Strehovec, Janez. Text as Ride. Electronic Literature and New media Art. Morgentown: West Virginia University Press (Computing Literature book series), 2016.
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