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{{Short description|Deforestation and use of fuel wood in Nigeria}}
{{Short description|Deforestation and use of fuel wood in Nigeria}}
[[File:Firewood (184189073).jpeg|thumb|Firewood/fuelwood]]
[[File:Firewood (184189073).jpeg|thumb|Firewood/fuelwood]]
'''Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria''' (alternately, '''firewood utilization in Nigeria''') is a traditional source of energy derived from cutting and burning wood materials such as logs and twigs; it has long been prevalent among rural and sometimes urban dwellers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ijeomah |first=HM |last2=Ijeomah |first2=UD |last3=Okagbare |first3=OH |date=2013-11-08 |title=Ecological Survey of Avifaunal Resources in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8 |issn=1998-0507}}</ref> In [[Nigeria]], as in numerous other developing nations, a significant portion of the population lacks access to modern energy alternatives. Consequently, they heavily depend on traditional biomass fuels such as crop waste and wood to fulfill their basic energy requirements, particularly for home and commercial cooking purposes. <ref>{{Citation |last=Ghazoul |first=J. |title=SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT {{!}} Causes of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation |date=2004 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00018-1 |work=Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences |pages=1367–1375 |access-date=2023-05-21 |publisher=Elsevier |last2=Evans |first2=J.}}</ref> This reliance on fuel wood has implications for deforestation, as the unsustainable harvesting of wood for fuel contributes to the degradation of forests and the loss of biodiversity. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing [[carbon dioxide]], a [[greenhouse gas]], into the atmosphere.<ref name=":0" />
'''Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria''' (alternately, '''firewood utilization in Nigeria''') is a traditional source of energy derived from cutting and burning wood materials such as logs and twigs; it has long been prevalent among rural and sometimes urban dwellers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ijeomah |first=HM |last2=Ijeomah |first2=UD |last3=Okagbare |first3=OH |date=2013-11-08 |title=Ecological Survey of Avifaunal Resources in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8 |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8 |issn=1998-0507}}</ref> In [[Nigeria]], as in numerous other developing nations, a significant portion of the population lacks access to modern energy alternatives<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammed |first=Y.S. |last2=Mustafa |first2=M.W. |last3=Bashir |first3=N. |last4=Mokhtar |first4=A.S. |date=2013-06 |title=Renewable energy resources for distributed power generation in Nigeria: A review of the potential |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.020 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=22 |pages=257–268 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.020 |issn=1364-0321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=North |first=Douglass C. |last2=Wallis |first2=John Joseph |last3=Webb |first3=Steven B. |last4=Weingast |first4=Barry R. |date=2007-11-09 |title=Limited Access Orders In The Developing World :A New Approach To The Problems Of Development |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4359 |journal=Policy Research Working Papers |doi=10.1596/1813-9450-4359 |issn=1813-9450}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haenel |first=H. |date=1976 |title=Alternative Approaches to Meeting Basic Health Needs in Developing Countries. A Joint UNICEF/WHO Study. Herausgegeben von V. Djukanovic und E. P. Mach. 116 Seiten, 5 Tab. WHO Genf 1975. Preis: 24,— sfrs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19760201021 |journal=Food / Nahrung |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=930–931 |doi=10.1002/food.19760201021 |issn=0027-769X}}</ref>. Consequently, they heavily depend on traditional biomass fuels such as crop waste and wood to fulfill their basic energy requirements, particularly for home and commercial cooking purposes. <ref>{{Citation |last=Ghazoul |first=J. |title=SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT {{!}} Causes of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation |date=2004 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00018-1 |work=Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences |pages=1367–1375 |access-date=2023-05-21 |publisher=Elsevier |last2=Evans |first2=J.}}</ref> This reliance on fuel wood has implications for deforestation, as the unsustainable harvesting of wood for fuel contributes to the degradation of forests and the loss of biodiversity. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing [[carbon dioxide]], a [[greenhouse gas]], into the atmosphere.<ref name=":0" />


== Use of fuel wood ==
== Use of fuel wood ==
Line 26: Line 26:
== Environmental impacts of fuel wood utilization ==
== Environmental impacts of fuel wood utilization ==


Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria has significant environmental impacts, which include deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems, air pollution and associated health concerns, as well as contributing to [[climate change]] through [[Greenhouse gas emissions|carbon emissions]].
Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria has significant environmental impacts, which include deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems, air pollution, Loss of biodiversity, Soil erosion and land degradation, Water resource depletion, Disruption of local ecosystems and associated health concerns, as well as contributing to [[climate change]] through [[Greenhouse gas emissions|carbon emissions]].


=== Deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems ===
=== Deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems ===
Line 33: Line 33:


=== Air pollution ===
=== Air pollution ===
[[File:Volcanic Eruptions.jpg|thumb|Air pollution caused by Volcanic Eruptions]]

[[File:Wild fires.jpg|thumb|Air pollution Caused by wild fires]]
The burning of fuel wood for energy releases various [[Pollutant|pollutants]] into the atmosphere, leading to [[air pollution]] and associated health concerns.<ref name=":1" /> Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and inefficient stoves, produce high levels of smoke and particulate matter, which can have detrimental effects on respiratory health. Prolonged exposure to indoor air pollution from fuel wood combustion has been linked to respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, and even lung cancer. Additionally, the release of pollutants contributes to outdoor air pollution, further impacting the health and well-being of communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Adedigba |first=Azeezat |date=2019 |title=Despite health risks, firewood use still thrives in Nigerian communities |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/359872-despite-health-risks-firewood-use-still-thrives-in-nigerian-communities.html?tztc=1 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref>
The burning of fuel wood for energy releases various [[Pollutant|pollutants]] into the atmosphere, leading to [[air pollution]] and associated health concerns.<ref name=":1" /> Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and inefficient stoves, produce high levels of smoke and particulate matter, which can have detrimental effects on respiratory health. Prolonged exposure to indoor air pollution from fuel wood combustion has been linked to respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, and even lung cancer. Additionally, the release of pollutants contributes to outdoor air pollution, further impacting the health and well-being of communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Adedigba |first=Azeezat |date=2019 |title=Despite health risks, firewood use still thrives in Nigerian communities |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/359872-despite-health-risks-firewood-use-still-thrives-in-nigerian-communities.html?tztc=1 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref>

=== Loss of biodiversity ===
[[Firewood|Fuelwood]] collection often involves the removal of branches and smaller trees from forests<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arjunan |first=M. |last2=Holmes |first2=Christopher |last3=Puyravaud |first3=Jean-Philippe |last4=Davidar |first4=Priya |date=2006-04 |title=Do developmental initiatives influence local attitudes toward conservation? A case study from the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.007 |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=188–197 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.007 |issn=0301-4797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbot |first=Joanne I. O. |last2=Homewood |first2=Katherine |date=1999-06 |title=A history of change: causes of
<i>miombo</i>
woodland decline in a protected area in Malawi |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00413.x |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=422–433 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00413.x |issn=0021-8901}}</ref>. This can lead to the loss of habitat for various plant and animal species that rely on these trees for shelter, nesting, and food sources. Reductions in biodiversity can disrupt ecosystems and have long-term negative consequences<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hautier |first=Yann |last2=Tilman |first2=David |last3=Isbell |first3=Forest |last4=Seabloom |first4=Eric W. |last5=Borer |first5=Elizabeth T. |last6=Reich |first6=Peter B. |date=2015-04-17 |title=Anthropogenic environmental changes affect ecosystem stability via biodiversity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1788 |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=6232 |pages=336–340 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1788 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isbell |first=Forest |last2=Reich |first2=Peter B. |last3=Tilman |first3=David |last4=Hobbie |first4=Sarah E. |last5=Polasky |first5=Stephen |last6=Binder |first6=Seth |date=2013-07 |title=Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310880110 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=29 |pages=11911–11916 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1310880110 |issn=0027-8424}}</ref>.

=== Soil erosion and land degradation ===
[[File:Soil Erosion.jpg|thumb|Soil Erosion and Land Degradation ]]
Removing [[vegetation]], particularly trees, from an area can lead to increased soil erosion<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Papanastasis |first=Vasilios P. |last2=Bautista |first2=Susana |last3=Chouvardas |first3=Dimitrios |last4=Mantzanas |first4=Konstantinos |last5=Papadimitriou |first5=Maria |last6=Mayor |first6=Angeles G. |last7=Koukioumi |first7=Polina |last8=Papaioannou |first8=Athanasios |last9=Vallejo |first9=Ramon V. |date=2015-03-19 |title=Comparative Assessment of Goods and Services Provided by Grazing Regulation and Reforestation in Degraded Mediterranean Rangelands |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2368 |journal=Land Degradation &amp; Development |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1178–1187 |doi=10.1002/ldr.2368 |issn=1085-3278}}</ref>. Trees play a crucial role in stabilizing soil, reducing the impact of rainfall on the ground, and preventing erosion. The removal of trees for fuelwood can result in degraded soil quality, decreased fertility, and increased vulnerability to erosion<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simmonds |first=N. W. |date=1984-10 |title=Plant Research and Agroforestry. Edited by P. A. Huxley. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) (1983), pp. 617, US$15.00 (plus postage). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018081 |journal=Experimental Agriculture |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=346–346 |doi=10.1017/s0014479700018081 |issn=0014-4797}}</ref>.

=== Water resource depletion ===
Fuelwood collection often involves the gathering of deadwood, which can include branches and fallen trees found near water bodies<ref>{{Citation |last=Kuyah |first=Shem |title=Potential of Agroforestry to Enhance Livelihood Security in Africa |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4136-0_4 |work=Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes |pages=135–167 |access-date=2023-06-13 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-4135-3 |last2=Sileshi |first2=G. W. |last3=Luedeling |first3=Eike |last4=Akinnifesi |first4=F. K. |last5=Whitney |first5=Cory W. |last6=Bayala |first6=Jules |last7=Kuntashula |first7=E. |last8=Dimobe |first8=K. |last9=Mafongoya |first9=P. L.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lattimore |first=B. |last2=Smith |first2=C.T. |last3=Titus |first3=B.D. |last4=Stupak |first4=I. |last5=Egnell |first5=G. |date=2009-10 |title=Environmental factors in woodfuel production: Opportunities, risks, and criteria and indicators for sustainable practices |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.06.005 |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=1321–1342 |doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.06.005 |issn=0961-9534}}</ref>. Removing these materials from riparian areas can disrupt the natural flow of water, impacting aquatic ecosystems and reducing water availability for local communities<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castello |first=Leandro |last2=Macedo |first2=Marcia N. |date=2015-12-23 |title=Large‐scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13173 |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=990–1007 |doi=10.1111/gcb.13173 |issn=1354-1013}}</ref>.

=== Disruption of local ecosystems ===
The removal of fuelwood from forests can disrupt local ecosystems, including nutrient cycling, pollination, and seed dispersal<ref>{{Citation |last=Armesto |first=Juan J. |title=Old-Growth Temperate Rainforests of South America: Conservation, Plant–Animal Interactions, and Baseline Biogeochemical Processes |date=2009 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92706-8_16 |work=Old-Growth Forests |pages=367–390 |access-date=2023-06-13 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-92705-1 |last2=Smith-Ramírez |first2=Cecilia |last3=Carmona |first3=Martín R. |last4=Celis-Diez |first4=Juan L. |last5=Díaz |first5=Iván A. |last6=Gaxiola |first6=Aurora |last7=Gutiérrez |first7=Alvaro G. |last8=Núñez-Avila |first8=Mariela C. |last9=Pérez |first9=Cecilia A.}}</ref>. Trees play a vital role in maintaining [[ecosystem]] balance and supporting the survival of numerous species. The removal of fuelwood without sustainable practices can disrupt these ecological processes.


=== Climate change and carbon emissions ===
=== Climate change and carbon emissions ===

Revision as of 16:55, 13 June 2023

Firewood/fuelwood

Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria (alternately, firewood utilization in Nigeria) is a traditional source of energy derived from cutting and burning wood materials such as logs and twigs; it has long been prevalent among rural and sometimes urban dwellers.[1] In Nigeria, as in numerous other developing nations, a significant portion of the population lacks access to modern energy alternatives[2][3][4]. Consequently, they heavily depend on traditional biomass fuels such as crop waste and wood to fulfill their basic energy requirements, particularly for home and commercial cooking purposes. [5] This reliance on fuel wood has implications for deforestation, as the unsustainable harvesting of wood for fuel contributes to the degradation of forests and the loss of biodiversity. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.[1]

Use of fuel wood

Stack of firewoods/fuel wood

Fuel wood is commonly obtained and utilized in different forms. Round wood is commonly sold and used for domestic purposes, including in stores and open fires. Split logs, on the other hand, are predominantly utilized for commercial and industrial needs. In rural areas, small twigs and thin materials are typically not sold but are often used as fuel, either at a low cost or obtained for free. [6]The production of fuel wood generally requires minimal capital investment, with basic tools such as an axe or matchetes being the primary requirements. In cases where large trees need to be harvested, methods like ring girdling or burning at the base may be employed to kill the trees, allowing them to dry out before use. Many farmers view fuel wood as a readily available resource that does not require any financial transaction, often relying on their existing farm tools for its collection.[6]

Fuel wood in Nigeria is used for various purposes due to its availability and affordability. Here are some common uses of fuel wood in Nigeria:

  1. Cooking: Fuel wood serves as a primary source of energy for cooking in many households and commercial outlets across Nigeria. It is used in traditional stoves or open fires to prepare meals and heat food. [7]
  2. Heating: In colder regions or during colder seasons, fuel wood is used for heating purposes. It provides warmth in homes and can be used in fireplaces or traditional heating devices. [8]
  3. Small-scale industries and artisanal activities: Fuel wood is often utilized by small-scale industries for various production processes. Examples include baking and food processing, pottery making, brick-making, and blacksmithing.[9] In rural areas, fuel wood is used for artisanal activities such as carving, woodworking, and crafting traditional items.[10]
  4. Charcoal production: Fuel wood is also a key raw material for charcoal production. Charcoal, derived from the carbonization of wood, is used for cooking, heating, and industrial processes.[11][12]
  5. Campfire, cultural and religious practices: Fuel wood plays a role in cultural and religious practices in Nigeria. It is used for traditional ceremonies, rituals, and religious ceremonies involving fire. [13]

Environmental impacts of fuel wood utilization

Fuel wood utilization in Nigeria has significant environmental impacts, which include deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems, air pollution, Loss of biodiversity, Soil erosion and land degradation, Water resource depletion, Disruption of local ecosystems and associated health concerns, as well as contributing to climate change through carbon emissions.

Deforestation and loss of forest ecosystems

African women carrying firewood

The widespread use of fuel wood in Nigeria has led to deforestation and the loss of valuable forest ecosystems.[14] As communities rely heavily on fuel wood for cooking, heating, and other energy needs, large areas of forests are cleared to meet the growing demand. This deforestation not only disrupts the natural habitat of numerous plant and animal species but also reduces the overall biodiversity of the region. Loss of forests also contributes to soil erosion, reduced water quality, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters such as flooding.[15]

Air pollution

File:Volcanic Eruptions.jpg
Air pollution caused by Volcanic Eruptions
File:Wild fires.jpg
Air pollution Caused by wild fires

The burning of fuel wood for energy releases various pollutants into the atmosphere, leading to air pollution and associated health concerns.[15] Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and inefficient stoves, produce high levels of smoke and particulate matter, which can have detrimental effects on respiratory health. Prolonged exposure to indoor air pollution from fuel wood combustion has been linked to respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, and even lung cancer. Additionally, the release of pollutants contributes to outdoor air pollution, further impacting the health and well-being of communities.[16]

Loss of biodiversity

Fuelwood collection often involves the removal of branches and smaller trees from forests[17][18]. This can lead to the loss of habitat for various plant and animal species that rely on these trees for shelter, nesting, and food sources. Reductions in biodiversity can disrupt ecosystems and have long-term negative consequences[19][20].

Soil erosion and land degradation

File:Soil Erosion.jpg
Soil Erosion and Land Degradation

Removing vegetation, particularly trees, from an area can lead to increased soil erosion[21]. Trees play a crucial role in stabilizing soil, reducing the impact of rainfall on the ground, and preventing erosion. The removal of trees for fuelwood can result in degraded soil quality, decreased fertility, and increased vulnerability to erosion[22].

Water resource depletion

Fuelwood collection often involves the gathering of deadwood, which can include branches and fallen trees found near water bodies[23][24]. Removing these materials from riparian areas can disrupt the natural flow of water, impacting aquatic ecosystems and reducing water availability for local communities[25].

Disruption of local ecosystems

The removal of fuelwood from forests can disrupt local ecosystems, including nutrient cycling, pollination, and seed dispersal[26]. Trees play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting the survival of numerous species. The removal of fuelwood without sustainable practices can disrupt these ecological processes.

Climate change and carbon emissions

Fuel wood utilization contributes to climate change through the release of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. When fuel wood is burned, carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, is released. The combustion process is often incomplete and inefficient, leading to the emission of other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)[27] [28]These emissions contribute to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the atmosphere and causing global warming. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contributes to climate change, resulting in adverse effects such as rising temperatures, changing weather patterns, and sea-level rise.[29][30]

Government policies and initiatives to reduce fuel wood use

The Nigerian government has implemented various policies and initiatives to reduce fuel wood use, addressing the environmental and social challenges associated with its utilization. These efforts aim to conserve forests, improve energy efficiency, and transition to alternative energy sources.

Forest conservation and management strategies

To address deforestation and the loss of forest ecosystems caused by fuel wood utilization, the Nigerian government has implemented forest conservation and management strategies, such as the National Forest Policy. The National Forest Policy for the sustainable utilization of Nigeria's forest resources was introduced during the commemoration of the International Day of Forests in 2022. The policy was launched in Abuja, the capital of Nigeria.[31] Other strategies include the establishment of protected areas, national parks, and forest reserves to safeguard valuable forest resources. [32]The government collaborates with local communities, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders to develop sustainable forest management plans, promoting responsible harvesting practices and reforestation initiatives. By enforcing regulations and raising awareness about the importance of forest conservation, the government strives to preserve the ecological integrity and biodiversity of Nigerian forests.[33]

Promotion of efficient cooking technologies

Clean and sustainable cooking using biogas stove

The promotion of efficient cooking technologies is a key aspect of the government's efforts to address the environmental and health concerns associated with fuel wood utilization. Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and rudimentary stoves, are highly inefficient and contribute to high levels of smoke and indoor air pollution.[15] The government promotes the adoption and distribution of these efficient cooking technologies through awareness campaigns, subsidies, and partnerships with NGOs and private sector entities. On October 5, 2021, the Federal Government of Nigeria joined forces with key stakeholders to ensure the successful implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) aimed at promoting the adoption of clean and efficient cooking technologies throughout the country.[34]

Alternative energy sources and transitioning away from fuel wood

Recognizing the need to transition away from fuel wood as a primary source of energy, the Nigerian government is actively promoting the use of alternative energy sources. This includes promoting the adoption of clean and renewable energy technologies such as solar power, wind energy, and biogas. [35]In August 2022, Nigeria introduced its Energy Transition Plan as a testament to its dedication to attaining carbon neutrality, eradicating energy poverty, and fostering economic development. The plan encompasses key sectors such as power, cooking, oil and gas, transport, and industry. Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, along with other stakeholders in the energy sector, unveiled the plan, which outlines Nigeria's roadmap towards achieving net-zero emissions by 2060.[36] By diversifying the energy mix and reducing reliance on fuel wood, the government aims to mitigate deforestation, improve air quality, and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.[37]

Progress toward sustainable energy practices in Nigeria

The future outlook for energy practices in Nigeria is gradually shifting towards more sustainable alternatives, aiming to address the environmental, social, and economic challenges associated with fuel wood utilization. Efforts are being made to promote cleaner energy sources, improve energy efficiency, and foster sustainable practices in the country.[37][16]

To ensure a sustainable future, there is also a need to prioritize sustainable forest management and conservation efforts. This involves implementing robust policies and regulations to prevent illegal logging, deforestation, and degradation of forest ecosystems.[38] By promoting responsible and sustainable forest practices, which includes but not limited to, responsible harvesting practices, reforestation initiatives, Nigeria can protect its valuable forest resources, preserve biodiversity, and mitigate the adverse impacts of fuel wood utilization.[39] [40]

Community engagement, education, and awareness programs are crucial for fostering a culture of forest conservation and sustainable resource use. The Green Vision for Community Development Initiative (GVCDI), a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), provided training to community members in Cross Rivers state on forest protection techniques to combat deforestation.[41] In 1981, the Ekuri community in Nigeria, independently conceptualized a formal community forest management initiative. Their aim was to ensure the preservation of their heritage, sustain livelihoods, foster community development, reduce poverty, and prevent the negative consequences experienced by other communities that had lost their forests. This initiative was born out of the community's internal motivation and foresight, without any external influence.[42]

One of the key focus areas for a sustainable energy transition in Nigeria is the promotion of renewable energy sources. The government, in collaboration with private sector entities and international partners, is investing in renewable energy infrastructure.[34] These sources offer significant potential to diversify the energy mix, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide access to clean and affordable energy, particularly in rural areas.[36]

In parallel with the transition to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency is another crucial aspect of sustainable energy practices. Improving energy efficiency in sectors such as residential, commercial, agricultural, and industrial areas can contribute to reducing energy demand and optimizing resource utilization. This includes the promotion of energy-efficient appliances, building design and insulation standards, and the implementation of energy management systems.[43] By adopting energy-efficient technologies and practices, Nigeria can reduce energy waste, lower energy costs, and lessen the environmental impact associated with energy consumption. [44]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ijeomah, HM; Ijeomah, UD; Okagbare, OH (2013-11-08). "Ecological Survey of Avifaunal Resources in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria". Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management. 6 (6). doi:10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8. ISSN 1998-0507.
  2. ^ Mohammed, Y.S.; Mustafa, M.W.; Bashir, N.; Mokhtar, A.S. (2013-06). "Renewable energy resources for distributed power generation in Nigeria: A review of the potential". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 22: 257–268. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.020. ISSN 1364-0321. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ North, Douglass C.; Wallis, John Joseph; Webb, Steven B.; Weingast, Barry R. (2007-11-09). "Limited Access Orders In The Developing World :A New Approach To The Problems Of Development". Policy Research Working Papers. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4359. ISSN 1813-9450.
  4. ^ Haenel, H. (1976). "Alternative Approaches to Meeting Basic Health Needs in Developing Countries. A Joint UNICEF/WHO Study. Herausgegeben von V. Djukanovic und E. P. Mach. 116 Seiten, 5 Tab. WHO Genf 1975. Preis: 24,— sfrs". Food / Nahrung. 20 (10): 930–931. doi:10.1002/food.19760201021. ISSN 0027-769X.
  5. ^ Ghazoul, J.; Evans, J. (2004), "SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT | Causes of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation", Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, Elsevier, pp. 1367–1375, retrieved 2023-05-21
  6. ^ a b Orimoogunje, Oluwagbenga O.I.; Asifat, Janet (2015-01-01). "Fuel Wood Consumption and Species Degradation in South-Western Nigeria: The Ecological Relevance". Journal of Landscape Ecology. 8 (1): 56–68. doi:10.1515/jlecol-2015-0004. ISSN 1805-4196.
  7. ^ Matemilola, Saheed; Elegbede, Isa O.; Kies, Fatima; Yusuf, Gbolahan A.; Yangni, Ganbobga N.; Garba, Ibrahim (2019-01-01). "An Analysis of the Impacts of Bioenergy Development on Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects". Environmental and Climate Technologies. 23 (1): 64–83. doi:10.2478/rtuect-2019-0005. ISSN 2255-8837.
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