Gastrointestinal cancer: Difference between revisions
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===Stomach cancer (gastric cancer)=== |
===Stomach cancer (gastric cancer)=== |
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{{main|gastric cancer}} |
{{main|gastric cancer}} |
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Gastric cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer, and the second highest cause of cancer death globally.<ref name=Bjelakovic2008 /> The most common type of gastric cancer is [[adenocarcinoma]], which causes bout 750,000 deaths globally each year.<ref name="O'Connor2013">{{cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=A|coauthors=McNamara, D; O'Moráin, CA|title=Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2013 Sep 23|volume=9|pages=CD009322|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009322.pub2|pmid=24062262}}</ref> Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include dietary factors, smoking and alcohol consumption, genetic factors (including a number of heritable syndromes), infections (e.g. ''Helicobacter pylori'' |
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer, and the second highest cause of cancer death globally.<ref name=Bjelakovic2008 /> Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk.<ref name=Bennett2009>{{cite journal|last=Bennett|first=C|coauthors=Wang, Y; Pan, T|title=Endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2009 Oct 7|issue=4|pages=CD004276|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004276.pub3|pmid=19821324}}</ref> The most common type of gastric cancer is [[adenocarcinoma]], which causes bout 750,000 deaths globally each year.<ref name="O'Connor2013">{{cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=A|coauthors=McNamara, D; O'Moráin, CA|title=Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2013 Sep 23|volume=9|pages=CD009322|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009322.pub2|pmid=24062262}}</ref> Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include dietary factors, smoking and alcohol consumption, genetic factors (including a number of heritable syndromes), infections (e.g. ''Helicobacter pylori'' or [[Epstein-Barr virus]]), [[pernicious anemia]], and others.<ref name=Yamada2009 /><ref name="O'Connor2013" /> |
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===Pancreatic cancer=== |
===Pancreatic cancer=== |
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Revision as of 00:51, 27 September 2013
Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis.
The GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body.[1][2] There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers.[1]
Gastrointestinal cancers can be broadly considered as upper and lower gastrointestinal cancers.
Upper gastrointestinal cancer
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cancer globally, and the incidence is increasing.[3] Males are affected more commonly than females in a ratio of about 3-5:1.[3] An "esophageal cancer belt", in which the incidence of esophageal SCC is more than 100 times that of adjacent areas, extends from northeastern China, through central Asia to northern Iran.[1] Ethiopia also has notably high incidence.[3] There are 2 main types of esophageal cancer, namely adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of each type is about the same.[3] In developed countries, e.g. in North America and Europe, adenocarcinoma is more common.[3]
Esophageal cancer has a generally unfavorable prognosis because it is often detected late.[3] Early esophageal cancer typically causes no symptoms.[3] If at this early stage, it is often curable with a five year survival rate of 90% or above.[3] However, by the time esophageal is usually detected, it has spread to beyond the esophageal wall and the five year survival rate drops significantly.[3] In china, the overall five-year survival rate for advanced esophageal cancer is about 20%, and about 15% in the US.[3]
Stomach cancer (gastric cancer)
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer, and the second highest cause of cancer death globally.[2] Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk.[4] The most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma, which causes bout 750,000 deaths globally each year.[5] Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include dietary factors, smoking and alcohol consumption, genetic factors (including a number of heritable syndromes), infections (e.g. Helicobacter pylori or Epstein-Barr virus), pernicious anemia, and others.[1][5]
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer also has a very poor prognosis, with only 5% of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis.
MALT lymphoma
MALT lymphoma is a type of lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, usually in the stomach.
Liver cancer
Liver cancer (also called hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, and hepatoma)
Gallbladder cancer
Lower gastrointestinal cancer
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer has a comparatively good prognosis when detected early. There are many similarities between esophageal and colorectal cancer. We recognize increasingly the importance of early detection of these lesions, and their precursors. There is much debate about the best methods, and the effectiveness and costs of screening programs. Early malignant and premalignant lesions of the colorectum, esophagus (and stomach) can be removed by endoscopic techniques such as polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection. The validity of these "non-surgical" methods is enhanced by intraluminal staging through endoscopic ultrasound. Most invasive disease requires surgical resection (where possible) and a team approach involving the optimal application of all techniques including chemotherapy and radiation. Helping anxious patients through this minefield of tests and treatments is an important role for the section coordinators.
Anal cancer
References
- ^ a b c d Yamada T, Alpers DH; et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 603, 1028. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last=(help) - ^ a b Bjelakovic, G (2008 Jul 16). "Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (3): CD004183. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2. PMID 18677777.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Yang, S (2012 Dec 12). "Screening for oesophageal cancer". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 12: CD007883. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2. PMID 23235651.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Bennett, C (2009 Oct 7). "Endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4): CD004276. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004276.pub3. PMID 19821324.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b O'Connor, A (2013 Sep 23). "Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 9: CD009322. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009322.pub2. PMID 24062262.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)