Kathiawari horse: Difference between revisions

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Characteristics: repair disambig pages with links and other minor tasks using AWB
add refs and a bit from them, also 1 source as further reading (until I can get access to it)
Line 32: Line 32:


The '''Kathiawari''' or '''Kathiawadi''' ({{lang-gu|'''કાઠીયાવાડી'''}}) is a [[horse breed|breed]] of [[horse]] from the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula in western India. It was originally bred as a desert [[Horses in warfare|war horse]] for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. It is closely related to the [[Marwari horse|Marwari]] horses of [[Rajasthan]]; both breeds have been influenced by imported [[Arabian horse|Arab]] horses. It is found in all [[Equine coat colors|colours]] except for [[black (horse)|black]], and is most commonly [[chestnut (coat colour)|chestnut]]. Numbers diminished after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], and today there are few Kathiawaris left. In the past it was used as a war horse and as a cavalry mount. Today it is used for riding, in harness and for [[equestrian sport|sports]];{{r|agri}} it may be used as a [[police horse]] and for the sport of [[tent-pegging]]. A [[breed register]] is kept by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, which also organises annual shows.
The '''Kathiawari''' or '''Kathiawadi''' ({{lang-gu|'''કાઠીયાવાડી'''}}) is a [[horse breed|breed]] of [[horse]] from the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula in western India. It was originally bred as a desert [[Horses in warfare|war horse]] for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. It is closely related to the [[Marwari horse|Marwari]] horses of [[Rajasthan]]; both breeds have been influenced by imported [[Arabian horse|Arab]] horses. It is found in all [[Equine coat colors|colours]] except for [[black (horse)|black]], and is most commonly [[chestnut (coat colour)|chestnut]]. Numbers diminished after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], and today there are few Kathiawaris left. In the past it was used as a war horse and as a cavalry mount. Today it is used for riding, in harness and for [[equestrian sport|sports]];{{r|agri}} it may be used as a [[police horse]] and for the sport of [[tent-pegging]]. A [[breed register]] is kept by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, which also organises annual shows.

⚫
== Characteristics ==

⚫
The average height at the [[withers]] is {{convert|147|cm|hands|abbr=in|1}}.{{r|ncre}} Height should not be more than about {{convert|152|cm|hands|abbr=on|link=off|0}}; taller horses may seem coarse.{{r|edwards|page=161}} The breed is found in all [[equine coat colors|colours]] except for [[black (horse)|black]]. [[Chestnut (coat)|Chestnut]] is the most common colour, followed by [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[gray (horse)|grey]] and [[dun gene|dun]]. Dun horses may have [[primitive markings]], a [[dorsal stripe]] and [[Primitive markings#Leg bars and markings|zebra stripes]] on the legs.<ref name=edwards/> [[Skewbald]] patterns do exist, but are extremely rare.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The Kathiawari has a concave facial profile, with a broad forehead and short muzzle. The neck and body are proportional and relatively short, while both the head and tail are carried high.<ref name=hendricks/> Although well-proportioned, many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs. However, [[Lameness (equine)|soundness]] is an inherent characteristic of the breed.<ref name=edwards/> One of the breed's most distinctive features is its ears, which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse.<ref name=hendricks/> At some points in the breed's history, breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears, to the detriment of some other, more important, physical characteristics.<ref name=edwards/> Like many desert breeds, the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates. As well as the usual [[horse gaits|gaits]], the Kathiawari also performs a swift, lateral [[pacing (horse gait)|pace]], called the ''revaal''.<ref name=edwards/>{{Rp|161}} They are known as high-spirited, intelligent and affectionate horses.<ref name=hendricks/>

They are quite similar to the [[Marwari people|Marwari]], another breed from India, having much of the same history and physical features.{{r|agri}} The main difference between the Kathiawari and the Marwari is their original geographic origin&nbsp;– Kathiawaris are from the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula while Marwaris are mainly from the [[Marwar]] region. Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari, and are slightly taller in general.<ref name=ihsi/> The Kathiawari also resembles the Arab horse, which contributed significantly during the development of the breed.<ref name=edwards/>


== History ==
== History ==
Line 46: Line 40:


In 2007 the [[conservation status]] of the Kathiawari was listed as "not at risk" by the [[FAO]].{{r|barb|page=61}} No breed numbers have been reported to [[DAD-IS]] since 1997, when there were about 7500.{{r|dad}}
In 2007 the [[conservation status]] of the Kathiawari was listed as "not at risk" by the [[FAO]].{{r|barb|page=61}} No breed numbers have been reported to [[DAD-IS]] since 1997, when there were about 7500.{{r|dad}}

⚫
== Characteristics ==

⚫
The average height at the [[withers]] is {{convert|147|cm|hands|abbr=in|1}}.{{r|ncre}} Height should not be more than about {{convert|152|cm|hands|abbr=on|link=off|0}}; taller horses may seem coarse.{{r|edwards|page=161}} The breed is found in all [[equine coat colors|colours]] except for [[black (horse)|black]]. [[Chestnut (coat)|Chestnut]] is the most common colour, followed by [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[gray (horse)|grey]] and [[dun gene|dun]]. Dun horses may have [[primitive markings]], a [[dorsal stripe]] and [[Primitive markings#Leg bars and markings|zebra stripes]] on the legs.<ref name=edwards/> [[Skewbald]] patterns do exist, but are extremely rare.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The Kathiawari has a concave facial profile, with a broad forehead and short muzzle. The neck and body are proportional and relatively short, while both the head and tail are carried high.<ref name=hendricks/> Although well-proportioned, many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs. However, [[Lameness (equine)|soundness]] is an inherent characteristic of the breed.<ref name=edwards/> One of the breed's most distinctive features is its ears, which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse.<ref name=hendricks/> At some points in the breed's history, breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears, to the detriment of some other, more important, physical characteristics.<ref name=edwards/> Like many desert breeds, the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates. As well as the usual [[horse gaits|gaits]], the Kathiawari also performs a swift, lateral [[pacing (horse gait)|pace]], called the ''revaal''.<ref name=edwards/>{{Rp|161}} They are known as high-spirited, intelligent and affectionate horses.<ref name=hendricks/>

The Kathiawari is closely related to the [[Marwari (horse)|Marwari]] breed from the [[Marwar]] [[regions of India|region]] of [[Rajasthan]], which borders with northern Gujarat.{{r|agri}} [[Genetic diversity]] analysis groups the two breeds, while the other four Indian horse breeds – the [[Bhutia (horse)|Bhutia]], the [[Maniwari (horse)|Maniwari]], the [[Spiti (horse)|Spiti]] and the [[Zaniskari]] – form a distinct and separate group.{{r|gupta}} The Kathiawari and the Marwari are also [[phenotypically]] similar; in particular, they have the same unusual in-curved ears. The Kathiawari is not as tall as the Marwari, and has a smaller [[[[thorax|thoracic circumference]];{{r|agr|page=53}} it is most commonly chestnut, while the Marwari is usually black.{{r|agri|page=71}} Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari, and are slightly taller in general.<ref name=ihsi/> The Kathiawari also resembles the Arab horse, which contributed significantly during the development of the breed.<ref name=edwards/>


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
Line 54: Line 54:


{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=agr>A.K. Gupta, S.N. Tandon, Y. Pal, A. Bhardwaj, M. Chauhan (2012). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2673t/i2673t00.pdf Phenotypic characterization of Indian equine breeds: a comparative study]. ''Animal Genetic Resources'' (50): 49–58. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{doi|10.1017/S2078633612000094}}</ref>


<ref name=agri>R.K. Pundir, R.K. Vijh, R.N. Shukla, A.S. Vyas, B. K. Bhavsar, A. E. Nivsarkar (1997). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/v6507t/v6507t03.pdf Characterisation of Indian Kathiawari horses]. ''Animal Genetic Resources Information'' '''21''': 71–80.</ref>
<ref name=agri>R.K. Pundir, R.K. Vijh, R.N. Shukla, A.S. Vyas, B. K. Bhavsar, A. E. Nivsarkar (1997). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/v6507t/v6507t03.pdf Characterisation of Indian Kathiawari horses]. ''Animal Genetic Resources Information'' '''21''': 71–80.</ref>
Line 62: Line 64:


<ref name=edwards>Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse''. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0751301159.</ref>
<ref name=edwards>Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse''. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0751301159.</ref>

<ref name=gupta>A.K. Gupta, Mamta Chauhan, Anuradha Bhardwaj, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta, Yash Pal, S.N. Tandon, R.K. Vijh (2014). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871141314000821 Comparative genetic diversity analysis among six Indian breeds and English Thoroughbred horses]. ''Livestock Science'' '''163''', May 2014, Pages 1–11. {{doi|10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.028}} {{subscription required}}.</ref>


<ref name=hendricks>{{cite book|year=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848}} {{nobreak|Pages 250–252}}</ref>
<ref name=hendricks>{{cite book|year=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848}} {{nobreak|Pages 250–252}}</ref>
Line 72: Line 76:


}}
}}

== Further reading ==

* Mamta Chauhan, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Santosh Dhillon (2011). [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11033-010-0461-z Genetic diversity and population structure of three Indian horse breeds]. ''Molecular Biology Reports'' '''38''' (5): 3505–3511. {{doi|10.1007/s11033-010-0461-z}} {{subscription required}}


{{Horse breeds of India |state=expanded}}
{{Horse breeds of India |state=expanded}}

Revision as of 11:33, 1 January 2017

Kathiawari
કાઠીયાવાડી
Conservation statusFAO (2007): not at risk[1]: 61 
Other names
Country of originIndia
DistributionKathiawar peninsula
Use
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    325 kg[3]
  • Female:
    275 kg[3]
Height
  • Male:
    149 cm[4]
  • Female:
    147 cm[4]
Distinguishing featuresUnique ears curved inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. Hardy, light riding horse type with good endurance
Breed standards
Notes
  • Distribution: Kathiawar peninsula
  • Conservation status: FAO (2007): not at risk[1]: 61 

The Kathiawari or Kathiawadi (Gujarati: કાઠીયાવાડી) is a breed of horse from the Kathiawar peninsula in western India. It was originally bred as a desert war horse for use over long distances, in rough terrain, on minimal rations. It is closely related to the Marwari horses of Rajasthan; both breeds have been influenced by imported Arab horses. It is found in all colours except for black, and is most commonly chestnut. Numbers diminished after Indian independence, and today there are few Kathiawaris left. In the past it was used as a war horse and as a cavalry mount. Today it is used for riding, in harness and for sports;[4] it may be used as a police horse and for the sport of tent-pegging. A breed register is kept by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association, which also organises annual shows.

History

Although the earliest origins of the breed remain unknown, horses inhabited the western coast of India well before the Mughal Emperors of 1536 to 1857. Beginning during the Mughal reign, and continuing during the British Raj, Arab horses were imported to India and crossed with the native stock, creating the ancestors of the modern Kathiawari breed.[5] The Kathiawari may have also been influenced by the Mongolian horse.[5]: 196  Traditionally, noble households specialised in their own strain of horses, naming their lines of horses after a foundation mare; 28 of these lines still exist.[5] These noble houses selectively bred horses that could withstand extreme temperatures and minimal rations, carry a man with weapons and armour for long periods in rough terrain, and still be swift and nimble. They bred for wiry, sleek horses that were ideal for war, and Kathiawaris were noted for their loyalty and bravery in battle, often defending their riders even when wounded themselves. This breeding was maintained until the Independence of India.[6]

Although still mainly bred in the Kathiawar peninsula, it is also found in the Maharashtra and Rajasthan states. The Kathiawari Horse Breeders' Association maintains a register.[5] The Gujarat government maintains stud farms in eleven different locations; one in Junagadh holds both mares and stallions and is tasked with preserving the breed, while the other ten hold Kathiawari stallions that are used for improving the local stock of other or mixed breeds. In 2007, only about 50 Kathiawaris were held by private breeders. Today, the Panchaal region is renowned for its Kathiawari horses, often producing the most beautiful horses of the breed.[6]

In 2007 the conservation status of the Kathiawari was listed as "not at risk" by the FAO.[1]: 61  No breed numbers have been reported to DAD-IS since 1997, when there were about 7500.[3]

Characteristics

The average height at the withers is 147 cm (14.2 hands).[7] Height should not be more than about 152 cm (15 h)*; taller horses may seem coarse.[5]: 161  The breed is found in all colours except for black. Chestnut is the most common colour, followed by bay, grey and dun. Dun horses may have primitive markings, a dorsal stripe and zebra stripes on the legs.[5] Skewbald patterns do exist, but are extremely rare.[citation needed] The Kathiawari has a concave facial profile, with a broad forehead and short muzzle. The neck and body are proportional and relatively short, while both the head and tail are carried high.[6] Although well-proportioned, many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs. However, soundness is an inherent characteristic of the breed.[5] One of the breed's most distinctive features is its ears, which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips. The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse.[6] At some points in the breed's history, breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears, to the detriment of some other, more important, physical characteristics.[5] Like many desert breeds, the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates. As well as the usual gaits, the Kathiawari also performs a swift, lateral pace, called the revaal.[5]: 161  They are known as high-spirited, intelligent and affectionate horses.[6]

The Kathiawari is closely related to the Marwari breed from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, which borders with northern Gujarat.[4] Genetic diversity analysis groups the two breeds, while the other four Indian horse breeds – the Bhutia, the Maniwari, the Spiti and the Zaniskari – form a distinct and separate group.[8] The Kathiawari and the Marwari are also phenotypically similar; in particular, they have the same unusual in-curved ears. The Kathiawari is not as tall as the Marwari, and has a smaller [[thoracic circumference;[9]: 53  it is most commonly chestnut, while the Marwari is usually black.[4]: 71  Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari, and are slightly taller in general.[10] The Kathiawari also resembles the Arab horse, which contributed significantly during the development of the breed.[5]

Uses

In the early 1800s, the Kathiawari was used by the Maratha and British cavalries, and was considered superior to other breeds in this capacity.[5] The use by the cavalry was maintained until the end of the First World War,[6] but they are used little by the Indian army in modern times, despite being a native breed. Many Indian mounted police units make use of the Kathiawari.[5]: 159  The Kathiawari is also used extensively for the sport of tent-pegging. Annual breed shows are hosted by the breed association.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Accessed December 2016.
  2. ^ Breed Standards of Kathiawadi Horse. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Accessed December 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Kathiawari/India. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e R.K. Pundir, R.K. Vijh, R.N. Shukla, A.S. Vyas, B. K. Bhavsar, A. E. Nivsarkar (1997). Characterisation of Indian Kathiawari horses. Animal Genetic Resources Information 21: 71–80.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0751301159.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806138848. Pages 250–252
  7. ^ Equines in India: Horses: Kathiawari Horse. Indian Council of Agricultural Research: National Research Centre on Equines. Accessed December 2016.
  8. ^ A.K. Gupta, Mamta Chauhan, Anuradha Bhardwaj, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta, Yash Pal, S.N. Tandon, R.K. Vijh (2014). Comparative genetic diversity analysis among six Indian breeds and English Thoroughbred horses. Livestock Science 163, May 2014, Pages 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.028 (subscription required).
  9. ^ A.K. Gupta, S.N. Tandon, Y. Pal, A. Bhardwaj, M. Chauhan (2012). Phenotypic characterization of Indian equine breeds: a comparative study. Animal Genetic Resources (50): 49–58. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. doi:10.1017/S2078633612000094
  10. ^ About Indian Horses. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Accessed December 2016.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathiawari_horse&oldid=757729314"