Urticaceae: Difference between revisions

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| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
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The '''Urticaceae''' {{IPAc-en|ɜːr|t|ᵻ|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|iː}} are a [[family (biology)|family]], the nettle family, of [[flowering plant]]s. The family name comes from the genus ''[[Urtica]]''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including the nettles, [[ramie]] (''Boehmeria nivea''), māmaki (''[[Pipturus albidus]]''), and ajlai (''[[Debregeasia saeneb]]'').
The '''Urticaceae''' {{IPAc-en|ɜːr|t|ᵻ|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|iː}} are a [[family (biology)|family]], the nettle family, of [[flowering plant]]s. The family name comes from the genus ''[[Urtica]]''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including the nettles, [[ramie]] (''Boehmeria nivea''), māmaki (''[[Pipturus albidus]]''), and ajlai (''[[Debregeasia saeneb]]'').
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Image:Nettle.jpg|''Urtica dioica'' stinging hairs
Image:Nettle.jpg|''Urtica dioica'' stinging hairs
</gallery>
</gallery>

==Systematics==
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires JC, Morden CW. | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny of the Urticales based on three molecular data sets, with emphasis on relationships within Urticaceae | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 87 | issue = 6 | pages = 162 | url = http://2000.botanyconference.org/section13/abstracts/232.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW. | year = 2002 | title = Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on ''rbcL'', ''trnL''–''F'', and ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 89 | issue = 89 | pages = 1531–1546 | url = http://www.bricol.net/research/CICphylog/CICfinalSTUFF/Urtical-rosids.pdf | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 | pmid = 21665755}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Hadiah JT, Quinn CJ, Conn BJ. | year = 2003 | title = Phylogeny of ''Elatostema'' (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data | journal = [[Telopea]] | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 235–246 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Conn/publication/277933656_Phylogeny_of_Elatostema_Urticaceae_using_chloroplast_DNA_data/links/56412cd108ae24cd3e4104f3.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Datwyler SL, Weiblen G. | year = 2004 | title = On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ''ndhF'' sequences | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–777 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/5/767.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.5.767 | pmid = 21653431}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol Phyl Evol]] | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305002228 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Monro AK. | year = 2006 | title = The revision of species-rich genera: A phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on cpDNA, nrDNA, and morphology | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 426–441 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/93/3/426.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.3.426 | pmid = 21646202}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Hadiah JT, Conn BJ, Quinn CJ | year = 2008 | title = Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae, using chloroplast sequence data | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 375–385 | url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/SB/SB08041 | doi = 10.1071/SB08041}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Conn BJ, Hadiah JT | year = 2009 | title = Nomenclature of tribes within the Urticaceae | journal = [[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 349–352 | url = http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12225-009-9108-4 | doi = 10.1007/s12225-009-9108-4 | jstor = 20649663}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Wu Z-Y, Monro AK, Milne RI, Wang H, Liu J, Li D-Z. | year = 2013 | title = Molecular phylogeny of the nettle family (Urticaceae) inferred from multiple loci of three genomes and extensive generic sampling | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol Phyl Evol]] | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 814–827 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313002625 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.022 | pmid = 23850510}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim C, Deng T, Chase M, Zhang D-G, Nie Z-L, Sun H. | year = 2013 | title = Generic phylogeny and character evolution in Urticeae (Urticaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA regions | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–78 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2015/00000064/00000001/art00007 | doi = 10.12705/641.20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Chomicki G, Renner SS. | year = 2015 | title = Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics | journal = [[New Phytologist|New Phytol]] | volume = 207 | issue = 2 | pages = 411–424 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13271/abstract | doi = 10.1111/nph.13271 | pmid = 25616013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Wu Z-Y, Milne RI, Chen C-J, Liu J, Wang H, Li D-Z. | year = 2015 | title = Ancestral state reconstruction reveals rampant homoplasy of diagnostic morphological characters in Urticaceae, conflicting with current classification schemes | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = e0141821 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0141821 | url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141821}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Treiber EL, Gaglioti EL, Romaniuc-Neto S, Madriñán S, Weiblen GD. | year = 2016 | title = Phylogeny of the Cecropieae (Urticaceae) and the evolution of an ant–plant mutualism | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–66 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1600/036364416X690633 | doi = 10.1600/036364416X690633}}</ref>

{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
|1=[[Moraceae]]&nbsp;([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
|label2=Urticaceae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Urticeae]] <small>Lamarck & DC. 1806</small>
|2=[[Elatostemateae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small> <!-- =Lecantheae? -->
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Cecropieae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[Boehmerieae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[Forsskaoleeae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
|2=[[Parietarieae]] <small>Gaudich. 1830</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}




==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist|2}}
⚫
{{commons category}}
⚫
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{commons category}}
* {{Cite web|author=Stevens, P. F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 13|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/}} continuously updated.
* {{Cite web|author=Stevens, P. F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 13|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/}} continuously updated.


Revision as of 06:13, 24 March 2017

Nettle family
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Urticaceae

Juss., 1789
Synonyms

Cecropiaceae C. C. Berg[1]

The Urticaceae /ɜːrtɪˈkeɪsiː/ are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including the nettles, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), māmaki (Pipturus albidus), and ajlai (Debregeasia saeneb).

The family includes about 2625 species, grouped into 53 genera according to the database of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Christenhusz and Byng (2016).[2] The largest genera are Pilea (500 to 715 species), Elatostema (300 species), Urtica (80 species), and Cecropia (75 species).

Urticaceae species can be found worldwide, apart from the polar regions.

Description

Urticaceae species can be shrubs (e.g. Pilea), lianas, herbs (e.g. Urtica, Parietaria), or, rarely, trees (Dendrocnide, Cecropia). Their leaves are usually entire and bear stipules. Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present. They have usually unisexual flowers and can be both monoecious or dioecious. They are wind-pollinated. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.

Taxonomy

Male and female flower of Urtica

The APG II system puts the Urticaceae in the order Rosales, while older systems consider them part of the Urticales, along with Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Cannabaceae. APG still considers "old" Urticales a monophyletic group, but does not recognise it as an order on its own.

Genera (partial list)

Diseases

The Urticaceae are subject to many bacterial, viral, fungal, and nematode parasitic diseases. Among them are:[4]

Image gallery

  • Pilea cadierei
    Pilea cadierei
  • Pilea pumila
    Pilea pumila
  • Dendrocnide sp.
    Dendrocnide sp.
  • Elatostema umbellatum
    Elatostema umbellatum
  • Urtica dioica
    Urtica dioica
  • Boehmeria nivea
    Boehmeria nivea
  • Parietaria judaica flowers
    Parietaria judaica flowers
  • Urtica dioica stinging hairs
    Urtica dioica stinging hairs

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Moraceae (outgroup)

Urticaceae

Urticeae Lamarck & DC. 1806

Elatostemateae Gaudich. 1830

Cecropieae Gaudich. 1830

Boehmerieae Gaudich. 1830

Forsskaoleeae Gaudich. 1830

Parietarieae Gaudich. 1830


References

  1. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2003-01-17). "Family: Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  2. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Metatrophis F. Br". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  4. ^ "Common Names of Plant Diseases: Diseases of Foliage Plants (House Plants): Urticaceae". The American Phytopathological Society. 26 March 1993. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Chase, A. R. (1983). "Influence of host plant and isolate source on Myrothecium leaf spot of foliage plants" (PDF). Plant Disease. 67 (6): 668–671. doi:10.1094/PD-67-668.
  6. ^ Nguyen, Thu Ha, Mathur, S. B., & Neergaard, Paul (1973). "Seed-borne species of Myrothecium and their pathogenic potential". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 61 (2): 347–354, IN14–IN16. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(73)80156-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires JC, Morden CW. (2000). "Phylogeny of the Urticales based on three molecular data sets, with emphasis on relationships within Urticaceae". Am J Bot. 87 (6): 162.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW. (2002). "Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences" (PDF). Am J Bot. 89 (89): 1531–1546. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531. PMID 21665755.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Hadiah JT, Quinn CJ, Conn BJ. (2003). "Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data" (PDF). Telopea. 10 (1): 235–246.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Datwyler SL, Weiblen G. (2004). "On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences". Am J Bot. 91 (5): 767–777. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.767. PMID 21653431.
  11. ^ Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. (2005). "Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Mol Phyl Evol. 37 (2): 402–416. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Monro AK. (2006). "The revision of species-rich genera: A phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of Pilea (Urticaceae) based on cpDNA, nrDNA, and morphology". Am J Bot. 93 (3): 426–441. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.426. PMID 21646202.
  13. ^ Hadiah JT, Conn BJ, Quinn CJ (2008). "Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae, using chloroplast sequence data". Australian Systematic Botany. 21 (5): 375–385. doi:10.1071/SB08041.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Conn BJ, Hadiah JT (2009). "Nomenclature of tribes within the Urticaceae". Kew Bull. 64 (2): 349–352. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9108-4. JSTOR 20649663.
  15. ^ Wu Z-Y, Monro AK, Milne RI, Wang H, Liu J, Li D-Z. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of the nettle family (Urticaceae) inferred from multiple loci of three genomes and extensive generic sampling". Mol Phyl Evol. 69 (3): 814–827. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.022. PMID 23850510.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Kim C, Deng T, Chase M, Zhang D-G, Nie Z-L, Sun H. (2013). "Generic phylogeny and character evolution in Urticeae (Urticaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA regions". Taxon. 64 (1): 65–78. doi:10.12705/641.20.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Chomicki G, Renner SS. (2015). "Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics". New Phytol. 207 (2): 411–424. doi:10.1111/nph.13271. PMID 25616013.
  18. ^ Wu Z-Y, Milne RI, Chen C-J, Liu J, Wang H, Li D-Z. (2015). "Ancestral state reconstruction reveals rampant homoplasy of diagnostic morphological characters in Urticaceae, conflicting with current classification schemes". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0141821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141821.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Treiber EL, Gaglioti EL, Romaniuc-Neto S, Madriñán S, Weiblen GD. (2016). "Phylogeny of the Cecropieae (Urticaceae) and the evolution of an ant–plant mutualism". Syst Bot. 41 (1): 56–66. doi:10.1600/036364416X690633.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • Pignatti, Sandro (1982). Flora d'Italia (in Italian). Bologna: Edagricole. ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
  • Friis, Ib (1989). Urticaceae. Flora of tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-90-6191-352-8.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urticaceae.
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