Holomycota: Difference between revisions
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'''Holomycota''' is |
'''Holomycota''' or Nucletmyceta is the taxonomic group that includes [[Fungus|fungi]] and its [[Protist|protists]] relatives: [[Opisthosporidia|opisthosporidians]] and [[Nucleariida|nucleariids]] <ref name="pmid19939264">{{cite journal|year=2009|title=Phylogenomic analyses predict sistergroup relationship of nucleariids and fungi and paraphyly of zygomycetes with significant support|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/272|journal=BMC Evol. Biol.|volume=9|issue=|pages=272|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-272|pmc=2789072|pmid=19939264|vauthors=Liu Y, Steenkamp ET, Brinkmann H, Forget L, Philippe H, Lang BF}}</ref><ref>Corsaro, D., Walochnik, J., Venditti, D., Steinmann, J., Müller, K. D., & Michel, R. (2014). [http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rolf_Michel2/publication/260998780_Microsporidia-like_parasites_of_amoebae_belong_to_the_early_fungal_lineage_Rozellomycota/links/0f317533ff1ec21ab6000000.pdf Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota]. Parasitology research, 113(5), 1909-1918.</ref><ref name=":0">Corsaro, D., Walochnik, J., Venditti, D., Müller, K. D., Hauröder, B., & Michel, R. (2014). [http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniele_Corsaro/publication/266108557_Rediscovery_of_Nucleophaga_amoebae_a_novel_member_of_the_Rozellomycota/links/54bfb18a0cf21674ce9c70a7.pdf Rediscovery of Nucleophaga amoebae, a novel member of the Rozellomycota]. Parasitology research, 113(12), 4491-4498.</ref>. Holomycota, as well as [[Holozoa]] (the taxonomic group that includes animals and their unicellular relatives) compose the eukaryotic supergroup [[Opisthokont|Opisthokonta]] <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=M. W.|last2=Spiegel|first2=F. W.|last3=Silberman|first3=J. D.|date=2009-12-01|title=Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/26/12/2699/1530666|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=26|issue=12|pages=2699–2709|doi=10.1093/molbev/msp185|issn=0737-4038}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.-Y.|date=2003-05-01|title=Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-002-2424-z|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|language=en|volume=56|issue=5|pages=540–563|doi=10.1007/s00239-002-2424-z|issn=0022-2844}}</ref>. The position of [[Nucleariida|nucleariids]], unicellular free-living phagotrophic [[X-webdoc://F05ADA9E-FDAD-4BD4-B996-79511DF625A7/Amoeba|amoebae]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=López‐Escardó|first=David|last2=López‐García|first2=Purificación|last3=Moreira|first3=David|last4=Ruiz‐Trillo|first4=Iñaki|last5=Torruella|first5=Guifré|date=2017-08-12|title=Parvularia atlantis gen. et sp. nov., a Nucleariid Filose Amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeu.12450/full|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|language=en|doi=10.1111/jeu.12450|issn=1550-7408}}</ref>, as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and [[Fungus|fungi]] independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the [[Osmotrophy|osmotrophic]] lifestyle (one of the [[Fungus|fungal]] hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. [[Opisthosporidia|Opisthosporidians]] is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes [[Aphelida|aphelids]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karpov|first=Sergey|last2=Mamkaeva|first2=Maria A.|last3=Aleoshin|first3=Vladimir|last4=Nassonova|first4=Elena|last5=Lilje|first5=Osu|last6=Gleason|first6=Frank H.|date=2014|title=Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112|issn=1664-302X}}</ref>, [[Microsporidia]] and [[Rozellida|Cryptomycota]], three groups of [[Parasitism#Endoparasites|endoparasites]] <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berbee|first=Mary L.|last2=James|first2=Timothy Y.|last3=Strullu-Derrien|first3=Christine|date=2017-09-08|title=Early Diverging Fungi: Diversity and Impact at the Dawn of Terrestrial Life|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324|journal=Annual Review of Microbiology|volume=71|issue=1|pages=41–60|doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324|issn=0066-4227}}</ref>. |
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Interestingly, ''[[Rozella]]''([[Rozellida|Cryptomycota]]) is the earliest [[Fungus|fungal]] genus in which [[chitin]] has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle <ref name=":1" />, although the chitinus [[cell wall]] (another [[Fungus|fungal]] hallmark) and [[osmotrophy]] originated in a common ancestor of [[Blastocladiomycota]] and [[Chytridiomycota]], which still contain some ancestral characteristics such as the [[flagellum]] in [[Zoospore|zoosporic]] stage <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Stajich|first=Jason E.|last2=Berbee|first2=Mary L.|last3=Blackwell|first3=Meredith|last4=Hibbett|first4=David S.|last5=James|first5=Timothy Y.|last6=Spatafora|first6=Joseph W.|last7=Taylor|first7=John W.|date=2009-09-29|title=The Fungi|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209013827|journal=Current Biology|volume=19|issue=18|pages=R840–R845|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.004}}</ref>. The groups of [[Fungus|fungi]] with the characteristic [[Hypha|hyphal]] growth, Zoopagomycota, Mucuromycotina and [[Dikarya]], originated from a common ancestor ~700 Mya [9]. Zoopagomycota are mostly pathogens of animals or other [[Fungus|fungi]], Mucuromycotina is a more diverse group including parasites, saprotrophs or ectomycorrhizal [8]. [[Dikarya]] is the group embracing [[Ascomycota]] and [[Basidiomycota]], which comprise ~98% of the described [[Fungus|fungal]] species <ref name=":2" />. Because of this rich diversity, [[Dikarya]] includes highly morphologically distinct groups, from [[Hypha|hyphae]] or unicellular [[Yeast|yeasts]] (such as the model organism ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'') to the complex multicellular [[Fungus|fungi]] popularly known as mushrooms <ref name=":2" />. Interestingly and in opposite to animals and land plants, where complex multicellularity once, the inferred phylogenetic relationships indicate that [[Fungus|fungi]] acquired and lost multicellularity multiple times along [[Ascomycota]] and [[Basidiomycota]] evolution <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nguyen|first=Tu Anh|last2=Cissé|first2=Ousmane H.|last3=Wong|first3=Jie Yun|last4=Zheng|first4=Peng|last5=Hewitt|first5=David|last6=Nowrousian|first6=Minou|last7=Stajich|first7=Jason E.|last8=Jedd|first8=Gregory|date=2017-02-08|title=Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14444|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|pages=ncomms14444|doi=10.1038/ncomms14444}}</ref>. |
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==Phylogeny== |
==Phylogeny== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 11:08, 21 November 2017
| Holomycota | |
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| Nuclearia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Amorphea |
| Clade: | Obazoa |
| (unranked): | Opisthokonta |
| Clade: | Holomycota Liu et al., 2009 |
| Groups[1] | |
| Synonyms | |
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Holomycota or Nucletmyceta is the taxonomic group that includes fungi and its protists relatives: opisthosporidians and nucleariids [3][4][5]. Holomycota, as well as Holozoa (the taxonomic group that includes animals and their unicellular relatives) compose the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta [5][6][7]. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae [8], as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle (one of the fungal hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids[9], Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites [10].
Interestingly, Rozella(Cryptomycota) is the earliest fungal genus in which chitin has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle [10], although the chitinus cell wall (another fungal hallmark) and osmotrophy originated in a common ancestor of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota, which still contain some ancestral characteristics such as the flagellum in zoosporic stage [11]. The groups of fungi with the characteristic hyphal growth, Zoopagomycota, Mucuromycotina and Dikarya, originated from a common ancestor ~700 Mya [9]. Zoopagomycota are mostly pathogens of animals or other fungi, Mucuromycotina is a more diverse group including parasites, saprotrophs or ectomycorrhizal [8]. Dikarya is the group embracing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which comprise ~98% of the described fungal species [11]. Because of this rich diversity, Dikarya includes highly morphologically distinct groups, from hyphae or unicellular yeasts (such as the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to the complex multicellular fungi popularly known as mushrooms [11]. Interestingly and in opposite to animals and land plants, where complex multicellularity once, the inferred phylogenetic relationships indicate that fungi acquired and lost multicellularity multiple times along Ascomycota and Basidiomycota evolution [12].
Phylogeny
The cladogram depicts the fungi and their close relationship to other organisms, based on the work of Philippe Silar[13] and "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research".[14]
References
- ^ Adl, S.M. et al. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 59(5), 429-514
- ^ Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD (December 2009). "Phylogeny of the "forgotten" cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta". Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 (12): 2699–709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. PMID 19692665.
- ^ Liu Y, Steenkamp ET, Brinkmann H, Forget L, Philippe H, Lang BF (2009). "Phylogenomic analyses predict sistergroup relationship of nucleariids and fungi and paraphyly of zygomycetes with significant support". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 272. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-272. PMC 2789072. PMID 19939264.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Corsaro, D., Walochnik, J., Venditti, D., Steinmann, J., Müller, K. D., & Michel, R. (2014). Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitology research, 113(5), 1909-1918.
- ^ a b Corsaro, D., Walochnik, J., Venditti, D., Müller, K. D., Hauröder, B., & Michel, R. (2014). Rediscovery of Nucleophaga amoebae, a novel member of the Rozellomycota. Parasitology research, 113(12), 4491-4498.
- ^ Brown, M. W.; Spiegel, F. W.; Silberman, J. D. (2009-12-01). "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (12): 2699–2709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. ISSN 0737-4038.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.-Y. (2003-05-01). "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 56 (5): 540–563. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2424-z. ISSN 0022-2844.
- ^ López‐Escardó, David; López‐García, Purificación; Moreira, David; Ruiz‐Trillo, Iñaki; Torruella, Guifré (2017-08-12). "Parvularia atlantis gen. et sp. nov., a Nucleariid Filose Amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. doi:10.1111/jeu.12450. ISSN 1550-7408.
- ^ Karpov, Sergey; Mamkaeva, Maria A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir; Nassonova, Elena; Lilje, Osu; Gleason, Frank H. (2014). "Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112. ISSN 1664-302X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Berbee, Mary L.; James, Timothy Y.; Strullu-Derrien, Christine (2017-09-08). "Early Diverging Fungi: Diversity and Impact at the Dawn of Terrestrial Life". Annual Review of Microbiology. 71 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324. ISSN 0066-4227.
- ^ a b c Stajich, Jason E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Blackwell, Meredith; Hibbett, David S.; James, Timothy Y.; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Taylor, John W. (2009-09-29). "The Fungi". Current Biology. 19 (18): R840–R845. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.004.
- ^ Nguyen, Tu Anh; Cissé, Ousmane H.; Wong, Jie Yun; Zheng, Peng; Hewitt, David; Nowrousian, Minou; Stajich, Jason E.; Jedd, Gregory (2017-02-08). "Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota". Nature Communications. 8: ncomms14444. doi:10.1038/ncomms14444.
- ^ Silar P (2016). "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes". HAL: 462. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Esser K (2014). The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 461. ISBN 978-3-642-55317-2.