List of C4 plants: Difference between revisions
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==Asteraceae== |
==Asteraceae== |
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The composite family [[Asteraceae]] contains three {{C4}} lineages, in two different tribes of subfamily [[Asteroideae]].<ref name="Sage2016"/><ref name="Kellogg1999"/> They include the [[model organism|model genus]] ''Flaveria'' with closely related {{C3}}, {{C4}}, and intermediate species.<ref name="Sage2016"/> |
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==Boraginaceae== |
==Boraginaceae== |
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<ref name="FisherMcDade2015">{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=A.E. |last2=McDade |first2=L.A. |last3=Kiel |first3=C.A. |last4=Khoshravesh |first4=R. |last5=Johnson |first5=M.A. |last6=Stata |first6=M. |last7=Sage |first7=T.L. |last8=Sage |first8=R.F. |display-authors=3 |title=Evolutionary history of ''Blepharis'' (Acanthaceae) and the origin of {{C4}} photosynthesis in section ''Acanthodium'' |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=176 |issue=8 |year=2015 |pages=770–790 |issn=1058-5893 |doi=10.1086/683011}} {{open access}}</ref> |
<ref name="FisherMcDade2015">{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=A.E. |last2=McDade |first2=L.A. |last3=Kiel |first3=C.A. |last4=Khoshravesh |first4=R. |last5=Johnson |first5=M.A. |last6=Stata |first6=M. |last7=Sage |first7=T.L. |last8=Sage |first8=R.F. |display-authors=3 |title=Evolutionary history of ''Blepharis'' (Acanthaceae) and the origin of {{C4}} photosynthesis in section ''Acanthodium'' |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=176 |issue=8 |year=2015 |pages=770–790 |issn=1058-5893 |doi=10.1086/683011}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Hansen2012">{{cite thesis |last=Hansen |first=D.R. |date=2012 |title=The molecular phylogeny of ''Pectis'' L. (Tageteae, Asteraceae), with implications for taxonomy, biogeography, and the evolution of {{C4}} photosynthesis |type=Doctoral dissertation |publisher=University of Texas, Austin |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/22241 |access-date=2018-05-27}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name="KadereitFreitag2011">{{cite journal |last1=Kadereit |first1=G. |last2=Freitag |first2=H. |year=2011 |title=Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of {{C4}}-photosynthesis and taxonomy |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=51–78 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helmut_Freitag/publication/239463574_2011_TaxonCamphoros1/links/0046351c059afd08ce000000/2011-TaxonCamphoros1.pdf }}</ref> |
<ref name="KadereitFreitag2011">{{cite journal |last1=Kadereit |first1=G. |last2=Freitag |first2=H. |year=2011 |title=Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of {{C4}}-photosynthesis and taxonomy |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=51–78 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helmut_Freitag/publication/239463574_2011_TaxonCamphoros1/links/0046351c059afd08ce000000/2011-TaxonCamphoros1.pdf }}</ref> |
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<ref name="KapralovAkhani2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kapralov |first1=M.V. |last2=Akhani |first2=H. |last3=Voznesenskaya |first3=E.V. |last4=Edwards |first4=G. |last5=Franceschi |first5=V. |last6=Roalson |first6=E.H. |title=Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) clade and a clarification of the phylogenetic position of ''Bienertia'' and ''Alexandra'' using multiple DNA sequence datasets |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=31 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=571–585 |issn=03636445 |doi=10.1600/036364406778388674}}</ref> |
<ref name="KapralovAkhani2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kapralov |first1=M.V. |last2=Akhani |first2=H. |last3=Voznesenskaya |first3=E.V. |last4=Edwards |first4=G. |last5=Franceschi |first5=V. |last6=Roalson |first6=E.H. |title=Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) clade and a clarification of the phylogenetic position of ''Bienertia'' and ''Alexandra'' using multiple DNA sequence datasets |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=31 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=571–585 |issn=03636445 |doi=10.1600/036364406778388674}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kellogg1999">{{cite book |last1=Kellogg |first1=E.A. |year=1999 |chapter=Phylogenetic aspects of the evolution of {{C4}} photosynthesis |pages=411–44 |editor-last1=Sage |editor-first1=R.F. |editor-last2=Monson |editor-first2=R.K. |title={{C4}} plant biology |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |isbn=0126144400 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antoine_Souron/post/Is_there_a_checklist_of_plant_taxa_and_their_photosynthetic_pathway/attachment/59d62551c49f478072e9a355/AS:272157525905417@1441898818754/download/Sage+1999.pdf#page=428 |accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kellogg2013">{{cite journal |last1=Kellogg |first1=E.A. |title={{C4}} photosynthesis |journal=Current Biology |volume=23 |issue=14 |year=2013 |pages=R594–R599 |issn=09609822 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.066}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name="KochKennedy1982">{{cite journal|last1=Koch|first1=K. E.|last2=Kennedy|first2=R. A.|title=Crassulacean acid metabolism in the succulent {{C4}} dicot, ''Portulaca oleracea'' L. under natural environmental conditions|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=69 |issue=4 |year=1982 |pages=757–761 |issn=0032-0889 |doi=10.1104/pp.69.4.757}} {{open access}}</ref> |
<ref name="KochKennedy1982">{{cite journal|last1=Koch|first1=K. E.|last2=Kennedy|first2=R. A.|title=Crassulacean acid metabolism in the succulent {{C4}} dicot, ''Portulaca oleracea'' L. under natural environmental conditions|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=69 |issue=4 |year=1982 |pages=757–761 |issn=0032-0889 |doi=10.1104/pp.69.4.757}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="LyuGowik2015">{{cite journal |last1=Lyu |first1=M.-J.A. |last2=Gowik |first2=U. |last3=Kelly |first3=S. |last4=Covshoff |first4=S. |last5=Mallmann |first5=J. |last6=Westhoff |first6=P. |last7=Hibberd |first7=J.M. |last8=Stata |first8=M. |last9=Sage |first9=R.F. |last10=Lu |first10=H. |last11=Wei |first11=X. |last12=Wong |first12=G.K.-S. |last13=Zhu |first13=X.-G. |display-authors=3 |title=RNA-Seq based phylogeny recapitulates previous phylogeny of the genus ''Flaveria'' (Asteraceae) with some modifications |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |year=2015 |issn=1471-2148 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0399-9}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="McKownMoncalvo2005">{{cite journal |last1=McKown |first1=A.D. |last2=Moncalvo |first2=J.-M. |last3=Dengler |first3=N.G. |title=Phylogeny of ''Flaveria'' (Asteraceae) and inference of {{C4}} photosynthesis evolution |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=92 |issue=11 |year=2005 |pages=1911–1928 |issn=0002-9122 |doi=10.3732/ajb.92.11.1911}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name="PyankovZiegler2001">{{cite journal |last1=Pyankov |first1=V. |last2=Ziegler |first2=H. |last3=Kuz'min |first3=A. |last4=Edwards |first4=G. |title=Origin and evolution of {{C4}} photosynthesis in the tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on anatomical and biochemical types in leaves and cotyledons |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=230 |issue=1-2 |year=2001 |pages=43–74 |issn=0378-2697 |doi=10.1007/s006060170004}}</ref> |
<ref name="PyankovZiegler2001">{{cite journal |last1=Pyankov |first1=V. |last2=Ziegler |first2=H. |last3=Kuz'min |first3=A. |last4=Edwards |first4=G. |title=Origin and evolution of {{C4}} photosynthesis in the tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on anatomical and biochemical types in leaves and cotyledons |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=230 |issue=1-2 |year=2001 |pages=43–74 |issn=0378-2697 |doi=10.1007/s006060170004}}</ref> |
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<ref name="SchützeFreitag2003">{{cite journal |last1=Schütze |first1=P. |last2=Freitag |first2=H. |last3=Weising |first3=K. |title=An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=239 |issue=3–4 |year=2003 |pages=257–286 |issn=0378-2697 |doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0013-2}}</ref> |
<ref name="SchützeFreitag2003">{{cite journal |last1=Schütze |first1=P. |last2=Freitag |first2=H. |last3=Weising |first3=K. |title=An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=239 |issue=3–4 |year=2003 |pages=257–286 |issn=0378-2697 |doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0013-2}}</ref> |
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<ref name="VoznesenskayaAkhani2008">{{cite journal |last1=Voznesenskaya |first1=E.V. |last2=Akhani |first2=H. |last3=Koteyeva |first3=N.K. |last4=Chuong| first4=S.D.X. |last5=Roalson |first5=E.H. |last6=Kiirats |first6=O. |last7=Franceschi |first7=V.R. |last8=Edwards |first8=Gerald E. |display-authors=3 |title=Structural, biochemical, and physiological characterization of photosynthesis in two {{C4}} subspecies of ''Tecticornia indica'' and the {{C3}} species ''Tecticornia pergranulata'' (Chenopodiaceae)|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=59|issue=7|year=2008|pages=1715–1734|issn=1460-2431|doi=10.1093/jxb/ern028}}</ref> |
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<ref name="YangBerry2011">{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Y. |last2=Berry |first2=P.E. |title=Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (''Euphorbia'', Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent {{C4}} lineage|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=98 |issue=9 |year=2011 |pages=1486–1503 |issn=0002-9122 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1000496}} {{open access}}</ref> |
<ref name="YangBerry2011">{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Y. |last2=Berry |first2=P.E. |title=Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (''Euphorbia'', Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent {{C4}} lineage|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=98 |issue=9 |year=2011 |pages=1486–1503 |issn=0002-9122 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1000496}} {{open access}}</ref> |
Revision as of 19:24, 27 May 2018
C4 plants use the C4 carbon fixation pathway to increase their photosynthetic efficiency by reducing or suppressing photorespiration, which mainly occurs under low atmospheric CO2 concentration, high light, high temperature, drought, and salinity.[2][3] There are roughly 8,100 known C4 species, which belong to at least 61 distinct evolutionary lineages in 19 families (as per APG IV classification[4]) of flowering plants.[1] Among these are important crops such as maize, sorghum and sugarcane, but also weeds and invasive plants.[1] Although only 3% of flowering plant species use C4 carbon fixation, they account for 23% of global primary production.[5] The repeated, convergent C4 evolution from C3 ancestors has spurred hopes to bio-engineer the C4 pathway into C3 crops such as rice.[1][5]
C4 photosynthesis probably first evolved 30–35 million years ago in the Oligocene, and further origins occurred since, most of them in the last 15 million years. C4 plants are mainly found in tropical and warm-temperate regions, predominantly in open grasslands where they are often dominant. While most are graminoids, other growth forms such as forbs, vines, shrubs, and even some trees and aquatic plants are also known among C4 plants.[1]
C4 plants are usually identified by their higher 13C/12C isotopic ratio compared to C3 plants or their typical leaf anatomy.[5] The distribution of C4 lineages among plants has been determined through phylogenetics and was considered well known as of 2016[update]. Monocots – mainly grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae) – account for around 80% of C4 species, but they are also found in the eudicots.[1]
The following list presents known C4 lineages by family, based on the overview by Sage (2016).[1] They correspond to single species or clades thought to have acquired the C4 pathway independently. In some lineages that also include C3 and C3–C4 intermediate species, the C4 pathway may have evolved more than once.[1]
Acanthaceae
The large acanthus family Acanthaceae includes one genus with C4 species, found in dry habitats from Africa to Asia.[8]
- Blepharis – 15 C4 species, 1–4 origins
Aizoaceae
While many species in the ice plant family Aizoaceae use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), one subfamily with drought-tolerant and halophytic plants includes C4 species:[9]
- Sesuvioideae – 30 C4 species, 1–6 origins
Amaranthaceae
The amaranth family Amaranthaceae (including the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae) contains around 800 known C4 species, which belong to 14 distinct lineages in seven subfamilies. This makes Amaranthaceae the family with most C4 species and lineages among the eudicots.[1] Suaeda aralocaspica and species of the genus Bienertia use a particular, single-cell type of C4 carbon fixation.[1][10]
- Aerva (Amaranthoideae) – 4 C4 species[11]
- Alternanthera (Gomphrenoideae) – 17 C4 species (also includes C3–C4 intermediates)[11]
- Amaranthus (Amaranthoideae) – 90 C4 species[11]
- Atriplex (Chenopodioideae) – around 180 C4 species[12]
- Bassia–Camphorosma clade (Camphorosmoideae) – 24 C4 species (also includes one C3–C4 intermediate), 1–2 origins[13]
- Bienertia (Suaedoideae) – 3 C4 species[10][14]
- Caroxyleae (syn. Caroxyloneae, Salsoloideae) – 157 C4 species[15][16]
- Gomphrenoids (Gomphrenoideae) – 138 C4 species[11]
- Salsoleae (Salsoloideae) – 158 C4 species, 2–4 origins[15][16]
- Suaeda aralocaspica (Suaedoideae)[10]
- Suaeda sect. Salsina – 30 C4 species[10]
- Suaeda sect. Schoberia – 9 C4 species[10]
- Tecticornia – (Salicornioideae) 2 C4 species[17]
- Tidestromia (Gomphrenoideae) – 8 C4 species[11]
Asteraceae
The composite family Asteraceae contains three C4 lineages, in two different tribes of subfamily Asteroideae.[1][18] They include the model genus Flaveria with closely related C3, C4, and intermediate species.[1]
- Flaveria (Tageteae) – 7 C4 species, 2–3 origins (also includes C3 and intermediate)[1][19][20]
- Coreopsideae – 41 C4 species[18]
- Pectis (Tageteae) – 90 C4 species[21]
Boraginaceae
- Euploca (synonym: Heliotropium sect. Orthostachys) – 130 C4 species, 1–3 origins
Cleomaceae
The Cleomaceae, formerly included in the caper family Capparidaceae, contain three independent C4 origins in the genus Cleome:[1]
Caryophyllaceae
- Polycarpaea – 20 C4 species
Cyperaceae
The sedge family Cyperaceae is second only to the grasses in number of C4 species. Prominent C4 sedges include culturally important species such as papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) and chufa (C. esculentus) but also purple nutsedge (C. rotundus), one of the world's major weeds. Eleocharis vivipara uses C3 carbon fixation in underwater leaves and C4 carbon fixation in aerial leaves.[1]
- Bulbostylis – 211 C4 species
- Cyperus – 757 C4 species
- Eleocharis ser. Tenuissimae – 10 C4 species
- Eleocharis vivipara
- Fimbristylis – 303 C4 species
- Rhynchospora – 40 C4 species
Euphorbiaceae
The spurge family Euphorbiaceae contains the largest single C4 lineage among eudicots. The C4 spurges are diverse and widespread; they range from weedy herbs to the only known C4 trees – four species from Hawaii, including Euphorbia olowaluana (up to 10 m) and E. herbstii (up to 8 m).[1][6]
- Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce section Anisophyllum (also treated as genus Chamaesyce) – 350 C4 species (also including C3 and C3–C4 intermediate species)
Gisekiaceae
Contains a C4 genus with a single species.
Hydrocharitaceae
Includes the only known aquatic C4 plants.[1]
Molluginaceae
The two C4 species within the same genus have acquired the pathway independently.
- Mollugo – 2 C4 species, 2 origins
Nyctaginaceae
Polygonaceae
- Calligonum – 80 C4 species
Portulacaceae
The single genus of this family forms one C4 lineage. CAM photosynthesis is also known. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a major weed but also a vegetable.[1]
- Portulaca – 100 C4 species, 1–2 origins
Poaceae
The grass family includes most of the known C4 species – around 5000. They are only found in subfamilies of the PACMAD clade. Major C4 crops such as maize, sugarcane, sorghum and pearl millet belong in this family. The only known species with C3, C4 and intermediate variants, Alloteropsis semialata, is a grass.[1]
- Aristida – 288 C4 species
- Stipagrostis – 56 C4 species
- Chloridoideae (without Centropodieae) – 1596 C4 species
- Centropodia – 4 C4 species
- Eriachne – 50 C4 species
- Tristachyideae – 87 C4 species
- Andropogoneae – 1228 C4 species (incl. maize, sugarcane, sorghum)
- Reynaudia filiformis
- Axonopus – 90 C4 species
- Paspalum – 379 C4 species
- Anthaenantia – 4 C4 species
- Arthropoginae/Mesosetum clade – 35 C4 species, 1–2 origins
- Arthropoginae/Onchorachis clade – 2 C4 species
- Arthropoginae/Colaeteania clade – 7 C4 species, 1–2 origins
- Anthephorinae – 286 C4 species
- Echinochloa – 35 C4 species
- Neurachne–Paraneurachne – 2 C4 species, 2 origins
- Melinidinae–Panicinae–Cenchrinae – 889 C4 species
- Alloteropsis – 5 C4 species, 1–2 origins (incl. C3 and intermediate)
Scrophulariaceae
- Anticharis – 4 C4 species
Zygophyllaceae
- Tribuloideae – 37 C4 species, 1–2 origins
- Tetraena simplex
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Sage, R.F. (2016). "A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame". Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 (14): 4039–4056. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw156. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 27053721.
- ^ Sage, R.F.; Sage, T.L.; Kocacinar, F. (2012). "Photorespiration and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis" (PDF). Annual Review of Plant Biology. 63 (1): 19–47. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105511. ISSN 1543-5008.
- ^ Christin, P.-A.; Osborne, C.P. (2014). "The evolutionary ecology of C4 plants". New Phytologist. 204 (4): 765–781. doi:10.1111/nph.13033. ISSN 0028-646X.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- ^ a b c Kellogg, E.A. (2013). "C4 photosynthesis". Current Biology. 23 (14): R594–R599. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.066. ISSN 0960-9822.
- ^ a b Yang, Y.; Berry, P.E. (2011). "Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage". American Journal of Botany. 98 (9): 1486–1503. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000496. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Koch, K. E.; Kennedy, R. A. (1982). "Crassulacean acid metabolism in the succulent C4 dicot, Portulaca oleracea L. under natural environmental conditions". Plant Physiology. 69 (4): 757–761. doi:10.1104/pp.69.4.757. ISSN 0032-0889.
- ^ Fisher, A.E.; McDade, L.A.; Kiel, C.A.; et al. (2015). "Evolutionary history of Blepharis (Acanthaceae) and the origin of C4 photosynthesis in section Acanthodium". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 176 (8): 770–790. doi:10.1086/683011. ISSN 1058-5893.
- ^ Bohley, K.; Joos, O.; Hartmann, H.; et al. (2015). "Phylogeny of Sesuvioideae (Aizoaceae) – biogeography, leaf anatomy and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 17 (2): 116–130. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.12.003. ISSN 1433-8319.
- ^ a b c d e Schütze, P.; Freitag, H.; Weising, K. (2003). "An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 239 (3–4): 257–286. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0013-2. ISSN 0378-2697.
- ^ a b c d e Sage, R.F.; Sage, T.L.; Pearcy, R.W.; Borsch, T. (2007). "The taxonomic distribution of C4 photosynthesis in Amaranthaceae sensu stricto". American Journal of Botany. 94 (12): 1992–2003. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.12.1992. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Kadereit, G.; Mavrodiev, E.V.; Zacharias, E.H.; Sukhorukov, A.P. (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 photosynthesis". American Journal of Botany. 97 (10): 1664–1687. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000169. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Kadereit, G.; Freitag, H. (2011). "Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (1): 51–78.
- ^ Kapralov, M.V.; Akhani, H.; Voznesenskaya, E.V.; Edwards, G.; Franceschi, V.; Roalson, E.H. (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) clade and a clarification of the phylogenetic position of Bienertia and Alexandra using multiple DNA sequence datasets". Systematic Botany. 31 (3): 571–585. doi:10.1600/036364406778388674. ISSN 0363-6445.
- ^ a b Pyankov, V.; Ziegler, H.; Kuz'min, A.; Edwards, G. (2001). "Origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on anatomical and biochemical types in leaves and cotyledons". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 230 (1–2): 43–74. doi:10.1007/s006060170004. ISSN 0378-2697.
- ^ a b Akhani, H.; Edwards, G.; Roalson, E.H. (2007). "Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 168 (6): 931–956. doi:10.1086/518263. ISSN 1058-5893.
- ^ Voznesenskaya, E.V.; Akhani, H.; Koteyeva, N.K.; et al. (2008). "Structural, biochemical, and physiological characterization of photosynthesis in two C4 subspecies of Tecticornia indica and the C3 species Tecticornia pergranulata (Chenopodiaceae)". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (7): 1715–1734. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern028. ISSN 1460-2431.
- ^ a b Kellogg, E.A. (1999). "Phylogenetic aspects of the evolution of C4 photosynthesis". In Sage, R.F.; Monson, R.K. (eds.). C4 plant biology (PDF). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 411–44. ISBN 0126144400. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ McKown, A.D.; Moncalvo, J.-M.; Dengler, N.G. (2005). "Phylogeny of Flaveria (Asteraceae) and inference of C4 photosynthesis evolution". American Journal of Botany. 92 (11): 1911–1928. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.11.1911. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Lyu, M.-J.A.; Gowik, U.; Kelly, S.; et al. (2015). "RNA-Seq based phylogeny recapitulates previous phylogeny of the genus Flaveria (Asteraceae) with some modifications". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0399-9. ISSN 1471-2148.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Hansen, D.R. (2012). The molecular phylogeny of Pectis L. (Tageteae, Asteraceae), with implications for taxonomy, biogeography, and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas, Austin. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ Bissinger, K.; Khoshravesh, R.; Kotrade, J.P.; et al. (2014). "Gisekia (Gisekiaceae): Phylogenetic relationships, biogeography, and ecophysiology of a poorly known C4 lineage in the Caryophyllales". American Journal of Botany. 101 (3): 499–509. doi:10.3732/ajb.1300279. ISSN 0002-9122.