Andes orthohantavirus: Difference between revisions
info |
Adding information to the classification, genome, and replication sections of the page. |
||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
== Viral Classification == |
== Viral Classification == |
||
The Andes virus is a species of the Hantavirus, a group of [[Virus envelope|enveloped]], [[Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus]], belonging to the family [[Hantaviridae]]. |
|||
== Structure == |
== Genome & Structure == |
||
The spherical virion of the Hantavirus is typically 80-120nm long and contains the segmented single-stranded genome<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Muyangwa|first=Musalwa|last2=Martynova|first2=Ekaterina V.|last3=Khaiboullina|first3=Svetlana F.|last4=Morzunov|first4=Sergey P.|last5=Rizvanov|first5=Albert A.|date=2015-11-27|title=Hantaviral Proteins: Structure, Functions, and Role in Hantavirus Infection|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661284/|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=6|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01326|issn=1664-302X|pmc=PMCPMC4661284|pmid=26640463}}</ref>. The tri-segmented genome includes a S (small), M (medium), and L (large) segment that code for nucleocapsid (N), glycoproteins G1 and G2, and L protein respectively.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/technical/hanta/virology.html|title=Virology {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|date=2019-02-26|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> |
|||
<br /> |
|||
== Genome == |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The Hantavirus replication takes place strictly in the cytoplasm of a host cell. The entry of the virus begins when the virion attaches to cell repectors on the surface of the host cell, which then brings in the virus via endocytosis. <ref name=":6" /> By a process called pH-dependent fusion between the virion and the endosomal membrane, nucleocapsids enter the cytoplasm. <ref name=":7" /> The virus genome contains its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which directs both transcription and replication of the viral genome. Once the nucleocapsids are released, RdRp initiates transcription. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woude|first=Fokko J. van der|last2=Zeier|first2=Martin|last3=Bahr|first3=Udo|last4=Muranyi|first4=Walter|date=2005-12-01|title=Hantavirus Infection|url=https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/16/12/3669|journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|language=en|volume=16|issue=12|pages=3669–3679|doi=10.1681/ASN.2005050561|issn=1046-6673|pmid=16267154}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
== Signs and Symptoms == |
== Signs and Symptoms == |
||
Revision as of 04:16, 7 March 2019
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2007) |
| Andes virus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group V ((−)ssRNA)
|
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | Andes virus
|
Andes virus (ANDV) is a species of hantavirus which is a major causative agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in South America.[1] It is named for the Andes mountains of Chile and Argentina, where it was first discovered.[2] Originating in the reservoir of rodents, the Andes virus is easily transmitted to humans who come into contact with infected rodents and/or their fecal droppings.[1][2][3] However, infected rodents do not appear ill, so there is no readily apparent indicator to determine whether the rodent is infected or not. Additionally, the Andes virus, specifically, is the only hantavirus that can be spread by human to human contact via bodily fluids or long-term contact from one infected individual to a healthy person.[2][3]
General Introduction and Background
The Andes virus was first identified when outbreaks of this new infection spread throughout Chile and Argentina. In 1995, it was finally characterized in Argentina on the basis of specimens from a patient who had died from HPS complications, a severe consequence of infection from Andes viruses.[4] As an emerging virus, it is more lethal than that of some of the other hantaviruses having an mortality rates between 40% and 50% in South America.[2][5] By far, it has been responsible for the most recorded cases of HPS in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay combined[4][6] and contributes to a large amount of renal failure cases.[6] Although it can be carried by both humans and rodents, the Andes virus is most commonly found in the Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, a species of pygmy rat native to the Chile-Argentina region.[1]
Viral Classification
The Andes virus is a species of the Hantavirus, a group of enveloped, Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, belonging to the family Hantaviridae.
Genome & Structure
The spherical virion of the Hantavirus is typically 80-120nm long and contains the segmented single-stranded genome[7]. The tri-segmented genome includes a S (small), M (medium), and L (large) segment that code for nucleocapsid (N), glycoproteins G1 and G2, and L protein respectively.[8]
Entry & Replication Cycle
The Hantavirus replication takes place strictly in the cytoplasm of a host cell. The entry of the virus begins when the virion attaches to cell repectors on the surface of the host cell, which then brings in the virus via endocytosis. [7] By a process called pH-dependent fusion between the virion and the endosomal membrane, nucleocapsids enter the cytoplasm. [8] The virus genome contains its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which directs both transcription and replication of the viral genome. Once the nucleocapsids are released, RdRp initiates transcription. [9]
Signs and Symptoms
Initial signs of an Andes virus infection can easily be mistaken for the flu. Signs and symptoms can appear as early as 4 days and up to 6 weeks after exposure.[2][3] The only way to diagnose Andes virus as the cause for these symptoms is by testing the patient's blood for Andes virus genetic material or for corresponding antibodies of the Andes virus.[3] Individuals are typically only infectious while they are showing symptoms such as having one or more of the following:[3]
Early Symptoms
- Nausea and/or vomiting
- Headache
- Diarrhea
- Muscle aches
- Fever
Severe Symptoms indicating HPS
- Coughing
- Shortness of breath
- Fluid in lungs
Although there are only two possible vectors of the virus, humans and rodents, there are multiple routes of infection to be aware of. These include:[2][3]
- Breathing in the virus aerosols; stirred up rodent feces or urine
- Direct contact with your eyes, nose, or mouth after touching infected rodent, its feces, urine, or nesting material
- Bitten by infected rodent
- Although rare, through direct or close contact with an infected person
- Bodily fluids (blood, saliva, urine, or semen)
Associated Diseases, Prevention, and Treatment
1. Andes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is an acute, severe, and sometimes fatal respiratory disease caused by an infection from the Andes virus.[2][3] 4 to 10 days after initial symptoms begin, respiratory symptoms indicating HPS can appear. HPS symptoms can develop quickly, therefore, it is imperative to seek healthcare immediately.
2. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS)
HCPS as a result of Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 25–35% in Argentina[10] and 37% in Chile.[11] ANDV, lineage ANDV-Sout, is the only hantavirus for which person-to-person transmission has been described; all other human hantavirus infections are transmitted exclusively from animals to humans.[12][13][14] Several ANDV strains are co-circulating in Argentina (e.g. Bermejo, Lechiguanas, Maciel, Oran and Pergamino).[15] HCPS cases have also been reported in nearby Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, but only for Chile and Argentina can they be strictly associated with ANDV.
In Argentina and Chile, the long-tailed rice rat, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, and other species of the genus Oligoryzomys, have been documented as the reservoir for ANDV.[16][17][18] Another unique characteristic of ANDV is the availability of an animal model. ANDV causes lethal disease in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) that closely models the course of disease progression in humans, including a rapid progression from first symptoms to death, which is characterized by fluid in the pleural cavity and the histopathology of the lungs and spleen.[19] Lethality of ANDV in hamsters is not true of all viruses causing HCPS; hamsters infected with Sin Nombre virus, for example, show no symptoms of disease.[19] The availability of this model allows for the study of various drugs and other treatments that may affect the treatment of all HCPS-causing hantavirus infections.
3. Kidney Failure Disease or Renal Failure
Prevention
When visiting geographical locations where Andes virus has been documented, such as South America, people should avoid areas of high rodent populations where the virus is more likely to be found and transmitted quickly and easily from rodent to the next.[2][20] Properly disinfecting living spaces and areas where rodents may have been present will kill the virus before it is able to be contracted. To prevent transmission from contact with infected humans, individuals, infected or not, should hand-wash frequently, abstain from kissing or sexual activity with one another, and avoid sharing spaces of close confinement for long periods of time.[2][3][20]
Treatment
There is no current treatment, cure, or vaccine available for HPS. However, if patients seek medical attention quickly, early symptoms can be abated through intensive care or intubation, if necessary, for patients with severe breathing difficulties.[2][3]
Tropism
References
- ^ a b c "Hantavirus | virus". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "ScienceDirect". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Fact Sheet about Andes Virus | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ a b Martinez, Valeria P.; Bellomo, Carla; San Juan, Jorge; Pinna, Diego; Forlenza, Raul; Elder, Malco; Padula, Paula J. (2005-12). "Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1848–1853. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050501. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC PMCPMC3367635. PMID 16485469.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ermonval, Myriam; Baychelier, Florence; Tordo, Noël (2016-08-11). "What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their Different Hosts?". Viruses. 8 (8). doi:10.3390/v8080223. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 4997585. PMID 27529272.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Andes virus". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
- ^ a b Muyangwa, Musalwa; Martynova, Ekaterina V.; Khaiboullina, Svetlana F.; Morzunov, Sergey P.; Rizvanov, Albert A. (2015-11-27). "Hantaviral Proteins: Structure, Functions, and Role in Hantavirus Infection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01326. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC PMCPMC4661284. PMID 26640463.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmc=value (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Virology | Hantavirus | DHCPP | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
- ^ Woude, Fokko J. van der; Zeier, Martin; Bahr, Udo; Muranyi, Walter (2005-12-01). "Hantavirus Infection". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 16 (12): 3669–3679. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005050561. ISSN 1046-6673. PMID 16267154.
- ^ Paula Padula. "Personal Communication". Buenos Aires.
- ^ Government of Chile. "Ministry of Health, 2005".
- ^ Padula; et al. "1998".
Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, Pinna D, Forlenza R, Elder M, Padula PJ (December 2005). "Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus". Emerg Infect Dis. 11 (12): 1848–53. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050501. PMC 3367635. PMID 16485469. - ^ Toro J, Vega JD, Khan AS, Mills JN, Padula P (October–December 1998). "An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Chile, 1997". Emerg Infect Dis. 4 (4): 687–94. doi:10.3201/eid0404.980425. PMC 2640255. PMID 9866751.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Wells, Rachel M. (Oct 1998). "Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Hantavirus in Health Care Workers and Other Residents of Southern Argentina". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 27 (4): 895–896. doi:10.1086/517161. PMID 9798052.
- ^ Padula; et al. "2000, 2002".
- ^ Wells RM, Sosa Estani S, Yadon ZE, Enria D, Padula P, Pini N, Mills JN, Peters CJ, Segura EL (April–June 1997). "An unusual hantavirus outbreak in southern Argentina: person-to-person transmission? Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Study Group for Patagonia". Emerg Infect Dis. 3 (2): 171–4. doi:10.3201/eid0302.970210. PMC 2627608. PMID 9204298.
- ^ Levis S, Morzunov SP, Rowe JE, Enria D, Pini N, Calderon G, Sabattini M, St Jeor SC (March 1998). "Genetic diversity and epidemiology of hantaviruses in Argentina". J Infect Dis. 177 (3): 529–38. doi:10.1086/514221. PMID 9498428.
- ^ Cantoni G, Padula P, Calderón G, Mills J, Herrero E, Sandoval P, Martinez V, Pini N, Larrieu E (October 2001). "Seasonal variation in prevalence of antibody to hantaviruses in rodents from southern Argentina". Trop Med Int Health. 6 (10): 811–6. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00788.x. PMID 11679129.
- ^ a b Hooper JW, Larsen T, Custer DM, Schmaljohn CS (October 2001). "A lethal disease model for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". Virology. 289 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1133. PMID 11601912.
- ^ a b "Andes Virus (Hantavirus) in Argentina - Watch - Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions - Travel Health Notices | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
External links
