Climate change in India: Difference between revisions
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Switching from traditional fuels to [[liquefied petroleum gas]] and electricity provides health and climate benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maji|first=Poushali|last2=Kandlikar|first2=Milind|date=2020-04-01|title=Quantifying the air quality, climate and equity implications of India's household energy transition|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082619308543|journal=Energy for Sustainable Development|language=en|volume=55|pages=37–47|doi=10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.006|issn=0973-0826}}</ref> |
Switching from traditional fuels to [[liquefied petroleum gas]] and electricity provides health and climate benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maji|first=Poushali|last2=Kandlikar|first2=Milind|date=2020-04-01|title=Quantifying the air quality, climate and equity implications of India's household energy transition|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082619308543|journal=Energy for Sustainable Development|language=en|volume=55|pages=37–47|doi=10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.006|issn=0973-0826}}</ref> |
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=== Industry === |
=== Industry === |
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A quarter of emissions are industrial<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghgplatform-india.org/industry-sector|title=India's Industrial Sector GHG Emissions|website=www.ghgplatform-india.org|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> mainly from producing cement, iron and steel.{{sfnp|2nd biennial report|2018|page=8}} Industrial sector fuel consumption increased by 406% between 2000 and 2014.<ref name=":2" /> |
A quarter of emissions are industrial<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghgplatform-india.org/industry-sector|title=India's Industrial Sector GHG Emissions|website=www.ghgplatform-india.org|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> mainly from producing cement,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Balsara|first=Sachin|last2=Jain|first2=P. K.|last3=Ramesh|first3=Anbanandam|date=2020|editor-last=Shunmugam|editor-first=M. S.|editor2-last=Kanthababu|editor2-first=M.|title=Analyzing Enablers of Emission Reduction Strategies of Cement-manufacturing Industry of India under Fuzzy Environment|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9487-5_47|journal=Advances in Simulation, Product Design and Development|series=Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering|language=en|location=Singapore|publisher=Springer|pages=571–581|doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9487-5_47|isbn=978-981-329-487-5}}</ref> iron and steel.{{sfnp|2nd biennial report|2018|page=8}} Industrial sector fuel consumption increased by 406% between 2000 and 2014.<ref name=":2" /> |
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As of 2014, 42% of energy was also consumed by industry.<ref name=":2" /> |
As of 2014, 42% of energy was also consumed by industry.<ref name=":2" /> |
Revision as of 11:31, 27 April 2020
Greenhouse gas emissions by India are the third largest in the world and the main source is coal.[1] India emits about 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about two and a half tons per person, which is half the world average.[2] The country emits 7% of global emissions.[3]
As of 2019[update] these figures are quite uncertain, but a comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory is within reach.[4] Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in India, would have health benefits worth 4 to 5 times the cost, which would be the most cost-effective in the world.[5]
As of 2014, India's carbon intensity per GDP was twice the world average. The Paris Agreement commitments included a reduction of this intensity by 33-35% by 2030.[6]
Greenhouse gas sources
India emitted 2,600 Mt of CO2eq in 2014 (2,300 Mt with LULUCF).[7]
Energy
Energy in India is the main source. As of 2019[update] fossil fuels were subsidized more than clean energy.[8]
Electricity generation
As of 2019[update] three-quarters of electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels.[9] Energy emissions increased by 1,563 megatons CO2eq from 1990 to 2014.[6] Over 74% of energy was generated by coal in 2014.[6]
Coal fired power stations
As well as coal mining in India, the country also imports coal[10] to burn in coal-fired power stations in India.
Transport fuel
90% of transport emissions are from road transport.[11]
Household fuel
Switching from traditional fuels to liquefied petroleum gas and electricity provides health and climate benefits.[12]
Industry
A quarter of emissions are industrial[13] mainly from producing cement,[14] iron and steel.[11] Industrial sector fuel consumption increased by 406% between 2000 and 2014.[6]
As of 2014, 42% of energy was also consumed by industry.[6]
Agriculture
Agricultural emissions increased 25% between 2005 and 2014, in part due to significant increases in the use of artificial fertilizers.[6]
Waste
Waste emitted 78 Mt of CO2eq in 2014.[11]
Greenhouse gas sinks
Land use, land-use change, and forestry absorbed 300 Mt of CO2eq in 2014[11] and in 2020 total carbon stored in forests was 7000 Mt.[15]
Energy efficiency
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2019) |
India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution includes reducing emission intensity by a third by 2030.[1]
Planning and forecasts
The UNEP forecasts that by 2030 India's annual emissions per person will be between 3 and 4 tonnes.[3]
Reporting
As a party to the Paris Agreement India is due to submit its first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) to the UNFCCC by 2024 and inventory figures in standard format.[16]
Mitigation
Energy
The National Energy Plan is in accord with the Paris Agreement target of 2 °C global warming, but if India stopped building coal-fired power stations it would meet the 1.5 °C aspiration.[17] India pledged to achieve electric power generation of 40% percent non-fossil fuel energy by 2030.[6]
Economics
India’s economy is forecast to grow significantly, with gross domestic product rising 7-8% annually.[citation needed] The government expects electricity capacity needs to nearly double to 2027.[citation needed] With accelerated coal plant closures, and an anticipated surge in renewables, thermal power will account for only an estimated 42.7% of installed capacity across India by 2027, down dramatically from 66.8% in 2017.[18]
Co-benefits
Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in India, would have health benefits worth 4 to 5 times the cost, which would be the most cost-effective in the world.[5]
Politics
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2019) |
The Indian Central Government as well as various state governments have taken certain steps in accordance with India's energy policy and the Paris Agreement. Following are some of those steps:
- Doubling India’s renewable energy target to 450 gigawatt (GW) by 2030 [19]
References
- ^ a b "The Carbon Brief Profile: India". Carbon Brief. 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
- ^ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India" (PDF).
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Environment, U. N. (2019-11-19). "Emissions Gap Report 2019". UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
- ^ "A comprehensive GHG inventory for India is within reach". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
- ^ a b Sampedro, Jon; Smith, Steven J.; Arto, Iñaki; González-Eguino, Mikel; Markandya, Anil; Mulvaney, Kathleen M.; Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina; Van Dingenen, Rita (2020-03-01). "Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply". Environment International. 136: 105513. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513. ISSN 0160-4120.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factsheet: India". Climatelinks. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ 2nd biennial report (2018), p. 5.
- ^ "Mapping India's Energy Subsidies 2020 - Global Subsidies Initiative IISD". Mapping India's Energy Subsidies 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ "Analysis: India's CO2 emissions growth poised to slow sharply in 2019". Carbon Brief. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
- ^ "India, World's No. 2 Coal Buyer, Plans to Cut Imports by a Third". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d 2nd biennial report (2018), p. 8.
- ^ Maji, Poushali; Kandlikar, Milind (2020-04-01). "Quantifying the air quality, climate and equity implications of India's household energy transition". Energy for Sustainable Development. 55: 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.006. ISSN 0973-0826.
- ^ "India's Industrial Sector GHG Emissions". www.ghgplatform-india.org. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
- ^ Balsara, Sachin; Jain, P. K.; Ramesh, Anbanandam (2020). Shunmugam, M. S.; Kanthababu, M. (eds.). "Analyzing Enablers of Emission Reduction Strategies of Cement-manufacturing Industry of India under Fuzzy Environment". Advances in Simulation, Product Design and Development. Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering. Singapore: Springer: 571–581. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9487-5_47. ISBN 978-981-329-487-5.
- ^ "Carbon stock in forests: Kerala tops among south Indian states". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ "Reporting and Review under the Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Climate change report card: These countries are reaching targets". Environment. 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- ^ "IEEFA India: New National Electricity Plan Reinforces Intent Toward 275 Gigawatts of Renewables-Generated Electricity by 2027".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Govt to ease land acquisition, finance for renewables to meet 450 GW target".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Sources
UNFCCC
- "Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. December 2018.
- "Nationally Determined Contributions submitted to UN". www4.unfccc.int. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Other sources
External links
- India GHG Program: Industry-led voluntary framework to measure and manage greenhouse gas emissions
- GHG Platform: Civil Society Initiative to Understand India's GHG Emission Estimates
- Electricity Map: Live carbon emissions from electricity generation in some states