C7orf50: Difference between revisions
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'''C7orf50 (Chromosome 7, Open Reading Frame 50)''' is a [[gene]] in humans (''[[Homo sapiens]]'') that encodes a [[protein]] known as C7orf50 (uncharacterized protein C7orf50). This gene is ubiquitously expressed in the kidneys, brain, fat, prostate, spleen, among 22 other tissues and demonstrates low tissue specificity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&list_uids=84310|title=C7orf50 chromosome 7 open reading frame 50 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000146540-C7orf50|title=C7orf50 protein expression summary - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> C7orf50 is |
'''C7orf50 (Chromosome 7, Open Reading Frame 50)''' is a [[gene]] in humans (''[[Homo sapiens]]'') that encodes a [[protein]] known as C7orf50 (uncharacterized protein C7orf50). This gene is ubiquitously expressed in the [[Kidney|kidneys]], [[brain]], [[fat]], [[prostate]], [[spleen]], among 22 other tissues and demonstrates low tissue specificity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&list_uids=84310|title=C7orf50 chromosome 7 open reading frame 50 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000146540-C7orf50|title=C7orf50 protein expression summary - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> C7orf50 is conserved in [[Chimpanzee|chimpanzees]], [[Rhesus macaque|Rhesus monkeys]], [[Dog|dogs]], [[Cattle|cows]], [[Mouse|mice]], [[Rat|rats]], and [[Chicken|chickens]], along with 307 other [[Organism|organisms]] from [[Mammal|mammals]] to [[Fungus|fungi]].<ref name=":7" /> This protein is predicted to be involved with the import of [[ribosomal protein]]s into the [[Nuclear organization|nucleus]] to be assembled into ribosomal subunits as a part of [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]] processing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|last2=Johnson|first2=Alexander|last3=Lewis|first3=Julian|last4=Raff|first4=Martin|last5=Roberts|first5=Keith|last6=Walter|first6=Peter|date=2002|title=The Transport of Molecules between the Nucleus and the Cytosol|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26932/|journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Additionally, this gene is predicted to be a [[microRNA]] (miRNA) protein coding host gene'','' meaning that it may contain miRNA genes in its [[intron]]s and/or [[exon]]s''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boivin|first=Vincent|last2=Deschamps-Francoeur|first2=Gabrielle|last3=Scott|first3=Michelle S|date=2018-03-01|title=Protein coding genes as hosts for noncoding RNA expression|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.016|journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology|volume=75|pages=3–12|doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.016|issn=1084-9521|via=Elsevier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genenames.org/data/genegroup/#!/group/1691|title=MicroRNA protein coding host genes|last=HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|first=|date=|website=GeneNames|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> |
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== Gene == |
== Gene == |
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=== Location === |
=== Location === |
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C7orf50 is located on the [[Locus (genetics)|short arm]] of [[chromosome 7]] (7p22.3), starting at [[base pair]] (bp) 977,964 and ending at bp 1,138,325. This gene spans 160,361 |
C7orf50 is located on the [[Locus (genetics)|short arm]] of [[chromosome 7]] (7p22.3), starting at [[base pair]] (bp) 977,964 and ending at bp 1,138,325. This gene spans 160,361 bps on the minus (-) strand and contains a total of 13 exons.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:C7orf50 GenomicLocation.png|thumb| |
[[File:C7orf50 GenomicLocation.png|thumb|638x638px|The genomic location of C7orf50 on chromosome 7 as indicated by red line. As stated by GeneCards.org, the bands are according to Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc.|alt=|none]] |
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=== Gene Neighborhood === |
=== Gene Neighborhood === |
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Genes within the neighborhood of C7orf50 are the following: LOC105375120, [[GPR146]], LOC114004405, LOC107986755, ZFAND2A, LOC102723758, LOC106799841, COX19, [[ADAP1 (gene)|ADAP1]], [[CYP2W1]], MIR339, GPER1, and LOC101927021. This neighborhood extends from bp 89700 to bp 1165958 on chromosome 7.<ref name=":0" /> |
Genes within the neighborhood of C7orf50 are the following: LOC105375120, [[GPR146]], LOC114004405, LOC107986755, ZFAND2A, LOC102723758, LOC106799841, COX19, [[ADAP1 (gene)|ADAP1]], [[CYP2W1]], MIR339, GPER1, and LOC101927021. This neighborhood extends from bp 89700 to bp 1165958 on chromosome 7.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:C7orf50 GenomicNeighborhood.png|thumb|The genomic neighborhood of C7orf50, with C7orf50 being indicated on the minus strand with the red arrow. Image from NCBI entry on C7orf50.]] |
[[File:C7orf50 GenomicNeighborhood.png|thumb|The genomic neighborhood of C7orf50, with C7orf50 being indicated on the minus strand with the red arrow. Image from NCBI entry on C7orf50.|alt=|none|446x446px]] |
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== mRNA == |
== mRNA == |
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=== Alternative Splicing === |
=== Alternative Splicing === |
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C7orf50 has a total of 7 experimentally predicted [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] [[transcript]]s.<ref name=":0" /> These transcripts are maintained independently of annotated genomes and were not generated computationally from a specific genome build such as the GRCh38.p13 primary assembly. The longest and most complete of these transcripts (transcript 4) being 2138bp, producing a 194 [[amino acid]]-long (aa) protein, and consisting of 5 exons.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-04-25|title=Homo sapiens chromosome 7 open reading frame 50 (C7orf50), transcript variant 4, mRNA|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001318252.2|language=en-US}}</ref> Of these transcripts, four of them encode for the same 194aa protein ([[Protein isoform|isoform]] a),<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/970919379|title=uncharacterized protein C7orf50 isoform a [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> only differing in their 5' and 3' [[untranslated region]]s (UTRs). The three other transcripts encode isoform b, c, and d, respectively. The table below is representative of these transcripts. |
C7orf50 has a total of 7 experimentally predicted [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] [[transcript]]s.<ref name=":0" /> These transcripts are maintained independently of annotated genomes and were not generated computationally from a specific genome build such as the GRCh38.p13 primary assembly. The longest and most complete of these transcripts (transcript 4) being 2138bp, producing a 194 [[amino acid]]-long (aa) protein, and consisting of 5 exons.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2020-04-25|title=Homo sapiens chromosome 7 open reading frame 50 (C7orf50), transcript variant 4, mRNA|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001318252.2|language=en-US}}</ref> Of these transcripts, four of them encode for the same 194aa protein ([[Protein isoform|isoform]] a),<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/970919379|title=uncharacterized protein C7orf50 isoform a [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> only differing in their 5' and 3' [[untranslated region]]s (UTRs). The three other transcripts encode isoform b, c, and d, respectively. The table below is representative of these transcripts. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
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Alternatively, when the primary genomic assembly, GRCh38.p13, is used for annotation (NCBI: NC_000007.14), there are 10 computationally predicted mRNA transcripts.<ref name=":0" /> The most complete and supported of these transcripts (transcript variant X6) is 1896bp, producing a 225aa-long protein.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-02|title=PREDICTED: Homo sapiens chromosome 7 open reading frame 50 (C7orf50), transcript variant X6, mRNA|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_011515584.2|language=en-US}}</ref> In total, there are 6 different isoforms predicted for C7orf50. Of these transcripts, 5 of them encode for the same isoform (X3).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/767945960|title=uncharacterized protein C7orf50 isoform X3 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The remaining transcripts encode isoforms X2, X4, X5, X6, and X7 as represented below. |
Alternatively, when the primary genomic assembly, GRCh38.p13, is used for annotation (NCBI: NC_000007.14), there are 10 computationally predicted mRNA transcripts.<ref name=":0" /> The most complete and supported of these transcripts (transcript variant X6) is 1896bp, producing a 225aa-long protein.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-02|title=PREDICTED: Homo sapiens chromosome 7 open reading frame 50 (C7orf50), transcript variant X6, mRNA|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_011515584.2|language=en-US}}</ref> In total, there are 6 different isoforms predicted for C7orf50. Of these transcripts, 5 of them encode for the same isoform (X3).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/767945960|title=uncharacterized protein C7orf50 isoform X3 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The remaining transcripts encode isoforms X2, X4, X5, X6, and X7 as represented below. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
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| colspan="5" |C7orf50 Computationally Determined |
| colspan="5" |C7orf50 Computationally Determined |
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=== 5' and 3' UTR === |
=== 5' and 3' UTR === |
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Based on the experimentally determined C7orf50 mRNA transcript variant 4, the 5' UTR of C7orf50 is 934 [[nucleotide]]s (nt) long, while the 3' UTR is 619nt. The coding sequence (CDS) of this transcript spans nt 935..1519 for a total length of 584nt.<ref name=":3" /> |
Based on the experimentally determined C7orf50 mRNA transcript variant 4, the 5' UTR of C7orf50 is 934 [[nucleotide]]s (nt) long, while the 3' UTR is 619nt. The coding sequence (CDS) of this transcript spans nt 935..1519 for a total length of 584nt and is encoded in reading frame 2.<ref name=":3" /> Interestingly, the 5'UTR of C7orf50 contains a [[Upstream open reading frame|uORF]] in need of further study, ranging from nt 599 to nt 871 also in the second reading frame <ref>{{Cite web|title=ORF Finder|url=https://www.bioinformatics.org/sms2/orf_find.html|website=www.bioinformatics.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>. |
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== Protein == |
== Protein == |
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=== Tertiary Structure === |
=== Tertiary Structure === |
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The [[Protein tertiary structure|tertiary structure]] of C7orf50 is comprised primarily of alpha helices as determined I-TASSER.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/|title=I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction|website=zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
The [[Protein tertiary structure|tertiary structure]] of C7orf50 is comprised primarily of alpha helices as determined I-TASSER.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/|title=I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction|website=zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Chengxin|last2=Freddolino|first2=Peter L.|last3=Zhang|first3=Yang|date=2017-05-02|title=COFACTOR: improved protein function prediction by combining structure, sequence and protein–protein interaction information|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx366|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=45|issue=W1|pages=W291–W299|doi=10.1093/nar/gkx366|issn=0305-1048}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Jianyi|last2=Zhang|first2=Yang|date=2015-04-16|title=I-TASSER server: new development for protein structure and function predictions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv342|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=43|issue=W1|pages=W174–W181|doi=10.1093/nar/gkv342|issn=0305-1048}}</ref> |
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[[File:C7orf50 TertiaryStructure.jpeg|thumb|Tertiary structure of C7orf50 protein as predicted by I-TASSER. C-score = -3.32. Estimated TM-score = 0.35 ± 0.12. Estimated RMSD = 13.1 ± 4.2 Å. Runs from N-terminal (Red) to C-terminal (Blue).]] |
[[File:C7orf50 TertiaryStructure.jpeg|thumb|Tertiary structure of C7orf50 protein as predicted by I-TASSER. C-score = -3.32. Estimated TM-score = 0.35 ± 0.12. Estimated RMSD = 13.1 ± 4.2 Å. Runs from N-terminal (Red) to C-terminal (Blue).|231x231px]] |
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=== Quaternary structure === |
=== Quaternary structure === |
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=== Orthologs === |
=== Orthologs === |
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Below is a table of a variety of [[Sequence homology|orthologs]] of the human C7orf50 gene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool|url=https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|website=blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=C7orf50 orthologs|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84310/ortholog/|website=NCBI|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> The table includes closely, moderately, and distantly related orthologs. Orthologs of the human protein C7orf50 are listed in descending order of the date of divergence. C7orf50 is highly evolutionary conserved from [[Mammal|mammals]] to [[Fungus|fungi]]. C7orf50 has evolved moderately and evenly over time with a divergence rate greater than [[Hemoglobin]] but less than [[Cytochrome c|Cytochrome C]]. |
Below is a table of a variety of [[Sequence homology|orthologs]] of the human C7orf50 gene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool|url=https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|website=blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=C7orf50 orthologs|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84310/ortholog/|website=NCBI|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> The table includes closely, moderately, and distantly related orthologs. Orthologs of the human protein C7orf50 are listed in descending order of the date of divergence. C7orf50 is highly evolutionary conserved from [[Mammal|mammals]] to [[Fungus|fungi]]. C7orf50 has evolved moderately and evenly over time with a divergence rate greater than [[Hemoglobin]] but less than [[Cytochrome c|Cytochrome C]]. |
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[[File:C7orf50 Divergence.png|thumb|Rate of C7orf50 divergence compared to rates of Hemoglobin and Cytochrome C.]] |
[[File:C7orf50 Divergence.png|thumb|Rate of C7orf50 divergence compared to rates of Hemoglobin and Cytochrome C.]] |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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Line 581: | Line 581: | ||
|''[[Trichoplax|Trichoplax adhaerens]]'' |
|''[[Trichoplax|Trichoplax adhaerens]]'' |
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|Trichoplax |
|Trichoplax |
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|Trichoplacidae |
|[[Trichoplax|Trichoplacidae]] |
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|948 |
|948 |
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|XP_002110193.1 |
|XP_002110193.1 |
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Line 589: | Line 589: | ||
|''Spizellomyces punctatus'' |
|''Spizellomyces punctatus'' |
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|Branching Chytrid Fungi |
|Branching Chytrid Fungi |
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|Fungi |
|[[Fungus|Fungi]] |
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|1105 |
|1105 |
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|XP_016610491.1 |
|XP_016610491.1 |
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Line 605: | Line 605: | ||
|''[[Quercus suber]]'' |
|''[[Quercus suber]]'' |
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|Cork Oak Tree |
|Cork Oak Tree |
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|Plantae |
|[[Plant|Plantae]] |
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|1496 |
|1496 |
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|XP_023896156.1 |
|XP_023896156.1 |
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Line 613: | Line 613: | ||
|''[[Plasmopara halstedii]]'' |
|''[[Plasmopara halstedii]]'' |
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|Downy Mildew of Sunflower |
|Downy Mildew of Sunflower |
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|Oomycetes |
|[[Oomycete|Oomycetes]] |
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|1768 |
|1768 |
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|XP_024580369.1 |
|XP_024580369.1 |
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|26% |
|26% |
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<br /> |
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== Function == |
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The consensus prediction of C7orf50 function (GO terms), as determined by [[I-TASSER]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=I-TASSER results|url=https://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/output/S533933/|website=zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />, predicts the molecular function to be [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0005515 protein binding], the biological process to be [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0017038 protein import] (specifically [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0051170 into the nucleus]), and the associated cellular component to be a [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0046930 pore complex] (specifically of the [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0005635 nuclear envelope]). |
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=== Interacting Proteins === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Proteins Predicted to Interact with C7orf50 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/|website=www.ebi.ac.uk|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CCSB Interactome Database|url=http://interactome.dfci.harvard.edu/index.php?page=home|website=interactome.dfci.harvard.edu|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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!Name of Protein |
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!Name of Gene |
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!Function |
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!UniProt Accession # |
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|- |
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|THAP1 domain-containing protein 1 |
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|[[THAP1]] |
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|DNA-binding transcription regulator that regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THAP1 - THAP domain-containing protein 1 - Homo sapiens (Human) - THAP1 gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NVV9|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NVV9 Q9NVV9] |
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|- |
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|Protein Tax-2 |
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|[[Tax gene product|tax]] |
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|Transcriptional activator that activates both the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) and cellular promoters via activation of CREB, NF-kappa-B, SRF and AP-1 pathways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=tax - Protein Tax-2 - Human T-cell leukemia virus 2 (HTLV-2) - tax gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03410|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03410 P03410] |
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|- |
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|Major Prion Protein |
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|[[PRNP]] |
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|Its primary physiological function is unclear. May play a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. May be required for neuronal myelin sheath maintenance. May promote myelin homeostasis through acting as an agonist for ADGRG6 receptor. May play a role in iron uptake and iron homeostasis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRNP - Major prion protein precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - PRNP gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04156|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P04156 P04156] |
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|- |
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|Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial |
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|[[ALDH1B1]] |
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|Pay a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALDH1B1 - Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - ALDH1B1 gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P30837|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P30837 P30837] |
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|- |
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|Cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein |
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|[[LYAR]] |
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|Plays a role in the maintenance of the appropriate processing of 47S/45S pre-rRNA to 32S/30S pre-rRNAs and their subsequent processing to produce 18S and 28S rRNAs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LYAR - Cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein - Homo sapiens (Human) - LYAR gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NX58|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miyazawa|first=Naoki|last2=Yoshikawa|first2=Harunori|last3=Magae|first3=Satomi|last4=Ishikawa|first4=Hideaki|last5=Izumikawa|first5=Keiichi|last6=Terukina|first6=Goro|last7=Suzuki|first7=Ai|last8=Nakamura-Fujiyama|first8=Sally|last9=Miura|first9=Yutaka|last10=Hayano|first10=Toshiya|last11=Komatsu|first11=Wataru|date=2014-04|title=Human cell growth regulator Ly-1 antibody reactive homologue accelerates processing of preribosomal RNA|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24495227|journal=Genes to Cells: Devoted to Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms|volume=19|issue=4|pages=273–286|doi=10.1111/gtc.12129|issn=1365-2443|pmid=24495227}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NX58 Q9NX58] |
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|- |
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|Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 85B |
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|[[CCDC85B]] |
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|Functions as a transcriptional repressor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Du|first=Xiulian|last2=Wang|first2=Qiang|last3=Hirohashi|first3=Yoshihiko|last4=Greene|first4=Mark I.|date=2006-12|title=DIPA, which can localize to the centrosome, associates with p78/MCRS1/MSP58 and acts as a repressor of gene transcription|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17014843|journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology|volume=81|issue=3|pages=184–190|doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.07.008|issn=0014-4800|pmid=17014843}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CCDC85B - Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 85B - Homo sapiens (Human) - CCDC85B gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q15834|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q15834 Q15834] |
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|- |
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|Nucleolar protein 56 |
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|[[NOP56 (gene)|NOP56]] |
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|Involved in the early to middle stages of 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Core component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles. Required for the biogenesis of box C/D snoRNAs such U3, U8 and U14 snoRNAs. <ref>{{Cite web|title=NOP56 - Nucleolar protein 56 - Homo sapiens (Human) - NOP56 gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00567|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00567 O00567] |
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|- |
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|rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin |
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|[[FBL]] |
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|Has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins. Involved in pre-rRNA processing by catalyzing the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA. <ref>{{Cite web|title=FBL - rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin - Homo sapiens (Human) - FBL gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22087|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tessarz|first=Peter|last2=Santos-Rosa|first2=Helena|last3=Robson|first3=Sam C.|last4=Sylvestersen|first4=Kathrine B.|last5=Nelson|first5=Christopher J.|last6=Nielsen|first6=Michael L.|last7=Kouzarides|first7=Tony|date=2014-01-23|title=Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352239|journal=Nature|volume=505|issue=7484|pages=564–568|doi=10.1038/nature12819|issn=1476-4687|pmc=3901671|pmid=24352239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iyer-Bierhoff|first=Aishwarya|last2=Krogh|first2=Nicolai|last3=Tessarz|first3=Peter|last4=Ruppert|first4=Thomas|last5=Nielsen|first5=Henrik|last6=Grummt|first6=Ingrid|date=12 11, 2018|title=SIRT7-Dependent Deacetylation of Fibrillarin Controls Histone H2A Methylation and rRNA Synthesis during the Cell Cycle|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30540930|journal=Cell Reports|volume=25|issue=11|pages=2946–2954.e5|doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.051|issn=2211-1247|pmid=30540930}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22087 P22087] |
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|- |
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|40S ribosomal protein S6 |
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|[[Ribosomal protein s6|RPS6]] |
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|May play an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA. <ref>{{Cite web|title=RPS6 - 40S ribosomal protein S6 - Homo sapiens (Human) - RPS6 gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62753|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> |
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|[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62753 P62753] |
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|} |
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=== Clinical Significance === |
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C7orf50 has been noted in a variety of genome-wide association studies ([[Genome-wide association study|GWAS]]) and has been shown to be associated with [[type 2 diabetes]] among [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan Africans]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meeks|first=Karlijn A C|last2=Henneman|first2=Peter|last3=Venema|first3=Andrea|last4=Addo|first4=Juliet|last5=Bahendeka|first5=Silver|last6=Burr|first6=Tom|last7=Danquah|first7=Ina|last8=Galbete|first8=Cecilia|last9=Mannens|first9=Marcel M A M|last10=Mockenhaupt|first10=Frank P|last11=Owusu-Dabo|first11=Ellis|date=2019-02-01|title=Epigenome-wide association study in whole blood on type 2 diabetes among sub-Saharan African individuals: findings from the RODAM study|url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/48/1/58/5070420|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=58–70|doi=10.1093/ije/dyy171|issn=0300-5771|pmc=PMC6380309|pmid=30107520}}</ref>, daytime sleepiness in [[African Americans|African-Americans]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barfield|first=Richard|last2=Wang|first2=Heming|last3=Liu|first3=Yongmei|last4=Brody|first4=Jennifer A|last5=Swenson|first5=Brenton|last6=Li|first6=Ruitong|last7=Bartz|first7=Traci M|last8=Sotoodehnia|first8=Nona|last9=Chen|first9=Yii-der I|last10=Cade|first10=Brian E|last11=Chen|first11=Han|date=2019-08-01|title=Epigenome-wide association analysis of daytime sleepiness in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis reveals African-American-specific associations|url=https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsz101/5492629|journal=Sleep|language=en|volume=42|issue=8|pages=zsz101|doi=10.1093/sleep/zsz101|issn=0161-8105|pmc=PMC6685317|pmid=31139831}}</ref>, [[Prenatal development|prenatal]] exposure to [[Particulates|particulate matter]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gruzieva|first=Olena|last2=Xu|first2=Cheng-Jian|last3=Yousefi|first3=Paul|last4=Relton|first4=Caroline|last5=Merid|first5=Simon Kebede|last6=Breton|first6=Carrie V.|last7=Gao|first7=Lu|last8=Volk|first8=Heather E.|last9=Feinberg|first9=Jason I.|last10=Ladd-Acosta|first10=Christine|last11=Bakulski|first11=Kelly|date=2019-05|title=Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and DNA Methylation in Newborns: An Epigenome-Wide Meta-Analysis|url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP4522|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|language=en|volume=127|issue=5|pages=057012|doi=10.1289/EHP4522|issn=0091-6765|pmc=PMC6792178|pmid=31148503}}</ref>, heritable [[DNA methylation]] marks associated with [[breast cancer]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=kConFab|last2=Joo|first2=Jihoon E.|last3=Dowty|first3=James G.|last4=Milne|first4=Roger L.|last5=Wong|first5=Ee Ming|last6=Dugué|first6=Pierre-Antoine|last7=English|first7=Dallas|last8=Hopper|first8=John L.|last9=Goldgar|first9=David E.|last10=Giles|first10=Graham G.|last11=Southey|first11=Melissa C.|date=2018-12|title=Heritable DNA methylation marks associated with susceptibility to breast cancer|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03058-6|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=867|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03058-6|issn=2041-1723|pmc=PMC5830448|pmid=29491469}}</ref>, DNA methylation in relation to plasma [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]] and [[lipid profile]] <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tremblay|first=Bénédicte L.|last2=Guénard|first2=Frédéric|last3=Lamarche|first3=Benoît|last4=Pérusse|first4=Louis|last5=Vohl|first5=Marie-Claude|date=2019-06-04|title=Network Analysis of the Potential Role of DNA Methylation in the Relationship between Plasma Carotenoids and Lipid Profile|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/6/1265|journal=Nutrients|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1265|doi=10.3390/nu11061265|issn=2072-6643|pmc=PMC6628241|pmid=31167428}}</ref>, and has significant interactions with [[prion]] proteins <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Satoh|first=J.|last2=Obayashi|first2=S.|last3=Misawa|first3=T.|last4=Sumiyoshi|first4=K.|last5=Oosumi|first5=K.|last6=Tabunoki|first6=H.|date=2009|title=Protein microarray analysis identifies human cellular prion protein interactors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00947.x|journal=Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=16–35|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00947.x|issn=1365-2990}}</ref>. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
Revision as of 16:22, 3 May 2020
C7orf50 (Chromosome 7, Open Reading Frame 50) is a gene in humans (Homo sapiens) that encodes a protein known as C7orf50 (uncharacterized protein C7orf50). This gene is ubiquitously expressed in the kidneys, brain, fat, prostate, spleen, among 22 other tissues and demonstrates low tissue specificity.[1][2] C7orf50 is conserved in chimpanzees, Rhesus monkeys, dogs, cows, mice, rats, and chickens, along with 307 other organisms from mammals to fungi.[3] This protein is predicted to be involved with the import of ribosomal proteins into the nucleus to be assembled into ribosomal subunits as a part of rRNA processing.[4][5] Additionally, this gene is predicted to be a microRNA (miRNA) protein coding host gene, meaning that it may contain miRNA genes in its introns and/or exons.[6][7]
Gene
Background
C7orf50, also known as YCR016W, MGC11257, and LOC84310, is a protein coding gene of poor characterization in need of further research. This gene can be accessed on NCBI at the accession number NC_000007.14, on HGNC at the ID number 22421, on ENSEMBL at the ID ENSG00000146540, on GeneCards at GCID:GC07M000996, and on UniProtKB at the ID Q9BRJ6.
Location
C7orf50 is located on the short arm of chromosome 7 (7p22.3), starting at base pair (bp) 977,964 and ending at bp 1,138,325. This gene spans 160,361 bps on the minus (-) strand and contains a total of 13 exons.[1]
Gene Neighborhood
Genes within the neighborhood of C7orf50 are the following: LOC105375120, GPR146, LOC114004405, LOC107986755, ZFAND2A, LOC102723758, LOC106799841, COX19, ADAP1, CYP2W1, MIR339, GPER1, and LOC101927021. This neighborhood extends from bp 89700 to bp 1165958 on chromosome 7.[1]
mRNA
Alternative Splicing
C7orf50 has a total of 7 experimentally predicted mRNA transcripts.[1] These transcripts are maintained independently of annotated genomes and were not generated computationally from a specific genome build such as the GRCh38.p13 primary assembly. The longest and most complete of these transcripts (transcript 4) being 2138bp, producing a 194 amino acid-long (aa) protein, and consisting of 5 exons.[8] Of these transcripts, four of them encode for the same 194aa protein (isoform a),[9] only differing in their 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). The three other transcripts encode isoform b, c, and d, respectively. The table below is representative of these transcripts.
C7orf50 Experimentally Determined
NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) mRNA Transcripts | ||||
Name | NCBI Accession # | Transcript Length | Protein Length | Isoform |
Transcript Variant 1 | NM_032350.5 | 1311bp | 194aa | a |
Transcript Variant 2 | NM_001134395.1 | 1301bp | 194aa | a |
Transcript Variant 3 | NM_001134396.1 | 1282bp | 194aa | a |
Transcript Variant 4 | NM_001318252.2 | 2138bp | 194aa | a |
Transcript Variant 7 | NM_001350968.1 | 1081bp | 193aa | b |
Transcript Variant 8 | NM_001350969.1 | 1500bp | 180aa | c |
Transcript Variant 9 | NM_001350970.1 | 1448bp | 60aa | d |
Alternatively, when the primary genomic assembly, GRCh38.p13, is used for annotation (NCBI: NC_000007.14), there are 10 computationally predicted mRNA transcripts.[1] The most complete and supported of these transcripts (transcript variant X6) is 1896bp, producing a 225aa-long protein.[10] In total, there are 6 different isoforms predicted for C7orf50. Of these transcripts, 5 of them encode for the same isoform (X3).[11] The remaining transcripts encode isoforms X2, X4, X5, X6, and X7 as represented below.
C7orf50 Computationally Determined
NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) mRNA Transcripts | ||||
Name | NCBI Accession # | Transcript Length | Protein Length | Isoform |
Transcript Variant X2 | XM_017012719.1 | 1447bp | 375aa | X2 |
Transcript Variant X3 | XM_011515582.3 | 1192bp | 225aa | X3 |
Transcript Variant X4 | XM_024446977.1 | 1057bp | 193aa | X4 |
Transcript Variant X5 | XM_011515581.3 | 1240bp | 225aa | X3 |
Transcript Variant X6 | XM_011515584.2 | 1896bp | 225aa | X3 |
Transcript Variant X7 | XM_017012720.2 | 1199bp | 225aa | X3 |
Transcript Variant X8 | XM_011515583.2 | 1215bp | 225aa | X3 |
Transcript Variant X9 | XM_017012721.2 | 2121bp | 211aa | X5 |
Transcript Variant X10 | XM_024446978.1 | 2207bp | 180aa | X6 |
Transcript Variant X11 | XM_024446979.1 | 933bp | 93aa | X7 |
5' and 3' UTR
Based on the experimentally determined C7orf50 mRNA transcript variant 4, the 5' UTR of C7orf50 is 934 nucleotides (nt) long, while the 3' UTR is 619nt. The coding sequence (CDS) of this transcript spans nt 935..1519 for a total length of 584nt and is encoded in reading frame 2.[8] Interestingly, the 5'UTR of C7orf50 contains a uORF in need of further study, ranging from nt 599 to nt 871 also in the second reading frame [12].
Protein
General Properties
The longest experimentally determined, being recognized as the primary C7orf50 protein isoform, is isoform a.[9] This isoform's 194aa sequence from NCBI is as follows:
>NP_001127867.1 uncharacterized protein C7orf50 isoform a [Homo sapiens] MAKQKRKVPEVTEKKNKKLKKASAEGPLLGPEAAPSGEGAGSKGEAVLRPGLDAEPELSPEEQRVLERKL 70 KKERKKEERQRLREAGLVAQHPPARRSGAELALDYLCRWAQKHKNWRFQKTRQTWLLLHMYDSDKVPDEH 140 FSTLLAYLEGLQGRARELTVQKAEALMRELDEEGSDPPLPGRAQRIRQVLQLLS 194
The underlined region within the sequence is indicative of a domain known as DUF2373 ("domain of unknown function 2373"), found in isoforms a, b, and c.
Isoform a has a predicted molecular weight (Mw) of 22.1 kDa, making C7orf50 smaller than the average protein (52 kDa).[13] The isoelectric point (theoretical pI) for this isoform is 9.65, meaning that C7orf50 is slightly basic.[14] As for charge runs and patterns within isoform a, there is a significant mixed charge (*) run (-++0++-+++--+) from aa67 to aa79 and an acidic (-) run from aa171 – aa173. It is likely that this mixed charge run encodes the protein-protein interaction (PPI) site of C7orf50.[15][16][17]
Domains and Motifs
DUF2373 is a domain of unknown function found in the C7orf50 protein. This is a highly conserved c-terminal region found from fungi to humans.[18] As for motifs, a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) was predicted from aa6 to aa21, meaning that C7orf50 is likely localized in the nucleus.[19] Interestingly, a nuclear export signal (NES) is also found within the C7orf50 protein at the following amino acids: 150, and 153 - 155, suggesting that C7orf50 has function both inside and outside the nucleus.[20][21]
Secondary Structure
The majority of C7orf50 (isoform a) secondary structure is made up of alpha helices, with the remainder being small portions of random coils, beta turns, or extended strands.[22][23]
Tertiary Structure
The tertiary structure of C7orf50 is comprised primarily of alpha helices as determined I-TASSER.[5][24][25]
Quaternary structure
The interaction network (quaternary structure) involving the C7orf50 protein has significantly more (p < 1.0e-16) interactions than a randomly selected set of proteins. This indicates that these proteins are partially connected biologically as a group; therefore, they intrinsically depend on each other within their biological pathway.[26] This means that although the function of C7orf50 is unknown, it is most likely to be associated with the same processes and functions as the proteins within its network.
Biological Processes | rRNA processing | ribosomal large subunit biogenesis | maturation of 5.8S, LSU, and SSU rRNA | RNA metabolic processing | gene expression | cellular component organization or biogenesis | RNA secondary structure unwinding | macromolecule methylation |
Molecular Functions | catalytic activity, acting on RNA | ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity | ||||||
Cellular Components | nucleolus | preribosome, large subunit precursor | 90S preribosome | small-subunit processome | ||||
Reactome Pathways | major pathway of rRNA processing in the nucleolus and cytosol | rRNA modification in the nucleus and cytosol | ||||||
Protein Domains and Motifs | helicase conserved C-terminal domain | DEAD/DEAH box helicase | RNA helicase, DEAD-box type, Q motif | helicase superfamily 1/2, ATP-binding domain |
The closest predicted functional partners of C7orf50 are the following proteins: DDX24, DDX52, PES1, EBNA1BP2, RSLD1, NOP14, FTSJ3, KRR1, LYAR, and PWP1. These proteins are predicted to co-express rather than bind directly C7orf50 and each other.
Regulation
Gene Level Regulation
Promoter
C7orf50 has 6 predicted promoter regions. The promoter with the greatest number of transcripts and CAGE tags overall is promoter set 6 (GXP_6755694) on ElDorado by Genomatix. This promoter region is on the minus (-) strand and has a start position of 1,137,965 and an end position of 1,139,325, making this promoter 1,361bp long. It has 16 coding transcripts and the transcript with the greatest identity to C7orf50 transcript 4 is transcript GXT_27788039 with 98746 CAGE tags.[27]
Promoter ID | Start Position | End Position | Length | # of Coding Transcripts | Greatest # of CAGE Tags in Transcripts |
GXP_9000582 | 1013063 | 1013163 | 1101bp | 0 | N/A |
GXP_6755691 | 1028239 | 1030070 | 1832bp | 4 | 169233 |
GXP_6053282 | 1055206 | 1056306 | 1101bp | 1 | 449 |
GXP_3207505 | 1127288 | 1128388 | 1101bp | 1 | 545 |
GXP_9000584 | 1130541 | 1131641 | 1101bp | 0 | N/A |
GXP_6755694 | 1137965 | 1139325 | 1361bp | 16 | 100,070 |
Transcription Factor Binding Sites
As determined by MatInspector at Genomatix, the following transcription factors (TFs) are most highly predicted to bind to C7orf50 in the promoter region.[27]
Transcription Factor | Detailed Family Information | Detailed Matrix Information | Matrix Similarity | Binding Sequence |
NR2F | Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 factors | Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 2 | 0.878 | ctcaggaatccaaaGGTGacaagca |
PERO | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | 0.908 | cctcaggaatccAAAGgtgacaa |
HOMF | Homeodomain transcription factors | Hmx2/Nkx5-2 homeodomain transcription factor | 0.895 | agtaagTTAAgtgcttggc |
PRDM | PR (PRDI-BF1-RIZ1 homologous) domain transcription factor | PR domain zinc finger protein 4 (PFM1) | 0.901 | gcatgcTTTCaagtcacccagtaagttaagt |
VTBP | Vertebrate TATA binding protein factor | Muscle TATA box | 0.871 | tttttTAAAacagagtc |
HOMF | Homeodomain transcription factors | Hmx2/Nkx5-2 homeodomain transcription factor | 0.916 | ccgggcttAAACgattttc |
HZIP | Homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factors | Homeobox and leucine zipper encoding transcription factor | 0.908 | ggaaaATCGtttaag |
ZTRE | Zinc transcriptional regulatory element | ZTRE motifs (1 bp spacer), ZNF658 binding site | 0.829 | cccaccccGGGAcgcca |
XBBF | X-box binding factors | Motif bound by regulatory factor X (RFX) proteins | 0.993 | tggttgccaAGGCaacccg |
XBBF | X-box binding factors | X-box binding protein RFX1 | 0.988 | gggttgccttgGCAAccag |
SP1F | GC-Box factors SP1/GC | Sp4 transcription factor | 0.960 | acggggGGCGgttccag |
CAAT | CCAAT binding factors | Nuclear factor Y (Y-box binding factor) | 0.939 | tcgtCCAAtgggagg |
ZTRE | Zinc transcriptional regulatory element | ZTRE motifs (2 bp spacer), ZNF658 binding site | 0.831 | caCTCCtgaaggcggga |
SP1F | GC-Box factors SP1/GC | Sp2, member of the Sp/XKLF transcription factors with three C2H2 zinc fingers in a conserved carboxyl-terminal domain | 0.955 | cctgaaggcgGGACtaa |
ZF57 | KRAB domain zinc finger protein 57 | Krueppel-associated box-containing zinc-finger protein 57 (KRAB-ZFP 57) | 0.942 | tgcTGCCgccgct |
CTCF | CTCF and BORIS gene family, transcriptional regulators with 11 highly conserved zinc finger domains | CCCTC-binding factor (zinc finger protein)-like (BORIS) | 0.913 | ggtccctgccggaaggcGGCGtccgcg |
MYOD | Myoblast determining factors | Myogenic bHLH protein myogenin (myf4) | 0.977 | cgtgaaCAGCtgcgtcg |
SP1F | GC-Box factors SP1/GC | Stimulating protein 1, ubiquitous zinc finger transcription factor | 0.977 | ccccgGGGCgggctccc |
SP1F | GC-Box factors SP1/GC | Sp4 transcription factor | 0.982 | ggagggGGCGgagcccc |
KLFS | Krueppel like transcription factors | Core promoter-binding protein (CPBP) with 3 Krueppel-type zinc fingers (KLF6, ZF9) | 0.987 | gtggagGGGGcggagcccc |
Expression Pattern
C7orf50 shows ubiquitous expression in the kidneys, brain, fat, prostrate, spleen and 22 other tissues.[1] This expression is very high, 4.3 times above the average gene; therefore, there is a higher abundance of C7orf50 mRNA than the average gene within a cell.[28] There does not appear to be a definitive cell type in which this gene is not expressed.[29]
Transcription Regulation
Splice Enhancers
The mRNA of C7orf50 is predicted to have exonic spliceing enhancers, in which SR proteins can bind, at bp positions 45 (SRSF1 (IgM-BRCA1)), 246 (SRSF6), 703 (SRSF5), 1301 (SRSF1), and 1308 (SRSF2). Additionally, the 5’ splice site is predicted to be at bp 45, the 3’ site at bp 1696, and the branch site at bp 728.[30][31]
Stem Loop Prediction
Both the 5' and 3' UTRs of the mRNA of C7orf50 are predicted to fold into structures such as bulge loops, internal loops, multibranch loops, hairpin loops, and double helices. The 5'UTR has a predicted free energy of -415.73 kcal/mol with an ensemble diversity of 237.96. The 3' UTR has a predicted free energy of -278.97 kcal/mol with an ensemble diversity of 120.91.[32]
miRNA Targeting
There are many poorly conserved miRNA binding sites predicted within the 3’UTR of C7orf50 mRNA. The notable miRNA familys that are predicted to bind to C7orf50 mRNA and regulate/repress transcription are the following: miR-138-5p, miR-18-5p, miR-129-3p, miR-124-3p.1, miR-10-5p, and miR-338-3p.[33][34][35]
Gene Regulation
Subcellular Localization
The C7orf50 protein is predicted to localize intercellularly in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but primarily within the nucleoplasm and nucleoli.[36][37][19][38]
Post-Translational Modification
The C7orf50 protein is predicted to be mucin-type GalNAc o-glycosylated at the following amino acid sites: 12, 23, 36, 42, 59, and 97.[39][40] Additionally, this protein is predicted to be SUMOylated at aa71 with the SUMO protein binding from aa189 through aa193.[41][42][43] C7orf50 is also predicted to be kinase-specific phosphorylated at the following amino acids: 12, 23, 36, 42, 59, 97, 124, 133, 159, and 175.[44][45][46][47][48] Interestingly, many of these sites overlap with the o-glycosylation sites. Of these phosphorylation sites, the majority are serines (53%) with the remainder being either tyrosines or threnonines. The most associated kinases with these sites are the following kinase groups: AGC, CAMK, TKL, and STE. Finally, this protein is predicted to have 8 glycations of the ε amino groups of lysines at the following sites: aa3, 5, 14, 15, 17, 21, 76, and 120.[49][50]
Homology
Paralogs
No paralogs of C7orf50 have been detected in the human genome; however, there is slight evidence (58% similarity) of a paralogous DUF2373 domain in the protein kinase D-interacting Substrate of 220 kDa.[51]
Orthologs
Below is a table of a variety of orthologs of the human C7orf50 gene.[52][3] The table includes closely, moderately, and distantly related orthologs. Orthologs of the human protein C7orf50 are listed in descending order of the date of divergence. C7orf50 is highly evolutionary conserved from mammals to fungi. C7orf50 has evolved moderately and evenly over time with a divergence rate greater than Hemoglobin but less than Cytochrome C.
Genus and Species | Common Name | Taxon Class | Date of Divergence (MYA) | Accession # | Length (AA) | % identity w/ human |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | Human | Mammalia | N/A | NM_001318252.2 | 194aa | 100% |
Tupaia chinensis | Chinese Tree Shrew | Mammalia | 82 | XP_006167949.1 | 194aa | 76% |
Dasypus novemcinctus | Nine-banded Armadillo | Mammalia | 105 | XP_004483895.1 | 198aa | 70% |
Miniopterus natalens | Natal Long-fingered Bat | Mammalia | 96 | XP_016068464.1 | 199aa | 69% |
Protobothrops mucrosquamatus | Brown-spotted Pit Viper | Reptilia | 312 | XP_015673296.1 | 196aa | 64% |
Balearica regulorum gibbericeps | Grey-crowned Crane | Aves | 312 | XP_010302837.1 | 194aa | 61% |
Falco peregrinus | Peregrine Falcon | Aves | 312 | XP_027635198.1 | 193aa | 59% |
Xenopus laevis | African Clawed Frog | Amphibia | 352 | XP_018094637.1 | 198aa | 50% |
Electrophorus electricus | Electric Eel | Actinopterygii | 435 | XP_026880604.1 | 195aa | 53% |
Rhincodon typus | Whale Shark | Chondrichthyes | 465 | XP_020372968.1 | 195aa | 52% |
Ciona intestinalis | Sea Vase | Ascidiacea | 676 | XP_026696561.1 | 282aa | 37% |
Octopus bimaculoides | California Two-spot Octopus | Cephalopoda | 797 | XP_014772175.1 | 221aa | 40% |
Priapulus caudatus | Priapulus | Priapulida | 797 | XP_014663190.1 | 333aa | 39% |
Bombus terrestris | Buff-tailed Bumblebee | Insecta | 797 | XP_012171653.1 | 260aa | 32% |
Actinia tenebrosa | Australian Red Waratah Sea Anemone | Anthozoa | 824 | XP_031575029.1 | 330aa | 43% |
Trichoplax adhaerens | Trichoplax | Trichoplacidae | 948 | XP_002110193.1 | 137aa | 44% |
Spizellomyces punctatus | Branching Chytrid Fungi | Fungi | 1105 | XP_016610491.1 | 412aa | 29% |
Eremothecium cymbalariae | Fungi | Fungi | 1105 | XP_003644395.1 | 266aa | 25% |
Quercus suber | Cork Oak Tree | Plantae | 1496 | XP_023896156.1 | 508aa | 30% |
Plasmopara halstedii | Downy Mildew of Sunflower | Oomycetes | 1768 | XP_024580369.1 | 179aa | 26% |
Function
The consensus prediction of C7orf50 function (GO terms), as determined by I-TASSER [53][24][25], predicts the molecular function to be protein binding, the biological process to be protein import (specifically into the nucleus), and the associated cellular component to be a pore complex (specifically of the nuclear envelope).
Interacting Proteins
Name of Protein | Name of Gene | Function | UniProt Accession # |
---|---|---|---|
THAP1 domain-containing protein 1 | THAP1 | DNA-binding transcription regulator that regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression.[56] | Q9NVV9 |
Protein Tax-2 | tax | Transcriptional activator that activates both the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) and cellular promoters via activation of CREB, NF-kappa-B, SRF and AP-1 pathways.[57] | P03410 |
Major Prion Protein | PRNP | Its primary physiological function is unclear. May play a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. May be required for neuronal myelin sheath maintenance. May promote myelin homeostasis through acting as an agonist for ADGRG6 receptor. May play a role in iron uptake and iron homeostasis.[58] | P04156 |
Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial | ALDH1B1 | Pay a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation.[59] | P30837 |
Cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein | LYAR | Plays a role in the maintenance of the appropriate processing of 47S/45S pre-rRNA to 32S/30S pre-rRNAs and their subsequent processing to produce 18S and 28S rRNAs.[60][61] | Q9NX58 |
Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 85B | CCDC85B | Functions as a transcriptional repressor.[62][63] | Q15834 |
Nucleolar protein 56 | NOP56 | Involved in the early to middle stages of 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Core component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles. Required for the biogenesis of box C/D snoRNAs such U3, U8 and U14 snoRNAs. [64] | O00567 |
rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin | FBL | Has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins. Involved in pre-rRNA processing by catalyzing the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA. [65][66][67] | P22087 |
40S ribosomal protein S6 | RPS6 | May play an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA. [68] | P62753 |
Clinical Significance
C7orf50 has been noted in a variety of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and has been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes among sub-Saharan Africans [69], daytime sleepiness in African-Americans [70], prenatal exposure to particulate matter [71], heritable DNA methylation marks associated with breast cancer [72], DNA methylation in relation to plasma carotenoids and lipid profile [73], and has significant interactions with prion proteins [74].
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