Pulaar language: Difference between revisions
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'''Pulaar''' is a [[Fula language]] spoken primarily as a first<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pulaar|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> language by the [[Fula people|Fula]] and [[Toucouleur people]]s in the [[Senegal River]] valley area traditionally known as [[Futa Tooro]] and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as ''[[wikt:Haalpulaar'en|Haalpulaar'en]]'' live in [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]], [[the Gambia]], and western [[Mali]]. |
'''Pulaar''' is a [[Fula language]] spoken primarily as a first<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pulaar|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> language by the [[Fula people|Fula]] and [[Toucouleur people]]s in the [[Senegal River]] valley area traditionally known as [[Futa Tooro]] and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as ''[[wikt:Haalpulaar'en|Haalpulaar'en]]'' live in [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]], [[the Gambia]], and western [[Mali]]. Pulaar is the second most spoken local language in Senegal, being a first language for around 22% of the population. This correlates with 23.7% of the country in which Pulaar is the population’s ethnicity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Diallo, Ibrahima|date=2006|others=My University, My University, Marilyn McMeniman|title=Language Planning, Language-In-Education Policy, and Attitudes Towards Languages in Senegal|url=https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/366175|language=en|doi=10.25904/1912/1429}}</ref> Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others.<ref name=":0" /> It was admitted as an official language of Senegal by Presidential decree in 1971.<ref name=":0" /> There are around 28 known dialects of Pulaar, most of which are mutually intelligible with each other.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Pulaar|url=https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/pulaar.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 October 2020|website=National African Language Resource Center - Indiana}}</ref> The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’.<ref>{{Citation|last=Paster|first=Mary|title=Pulaar verbal extensions and phonologically driven affix order|date=2005|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4066-0_6|work=Yearbook of Morphology|pages=155–199|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-4065-8|access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> |
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According to ''Ethnologue'' there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. |
According to ''Ethnologue'' there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. |
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Revision as of 03:59, 2 November 2020
| Pulaar | |
|---|---|
| Futa Tooro 𞤆𞤵𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥄𞤪𞤮 | |
| Pël | |
| Native to | Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, The Gambia, Mali, Mauritania |
| Ethnicity | Fula people, Toucouleur people |
Native speakers | 4.45 million (2019)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Fula alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | fuc |
| Glottolog | pula1263 |
Pulaar is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first[2] language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. Pulaar is the second most spoken local language in Senegal, being a first language for around 22% of the population. This correlates with 23.7% of the country in which Pulaar is the population’s ethnicity.[3] Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others.[3] It was admitted as an official language of Senegal by Presidential decree in 1971.[3] There are around 28 known dialects of Pulaar, most of which are mutually intelligible with each other.[4] The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’.[5]
According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible.
Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible.
Pulaar is written in Latin dan Adlam, but historically was written in an Arabic script known as the "Ajami script" (see Fula alphabets).
Linguistic features
The negative accomplished verb form ends in -aani. (This is slightly different from Maasina Fulfulde and Pular.)
References
- ^ Pulaar at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ Pulaar.
- ^ a b c Diallo, Ibrahima (2006). "Language Planning, Language-In-Education Policy, and Attitudes Towards Languages in Senegal". My University, My University, Marilyn McMeniman. doi:10.25904/1912/1429.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Pulaar" (PDF). National African Language Resource Center - Indiana. 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Paster, Mary (2005), "Pulaar verbal extensions and phonologically driven affix order", Yearbook of Morphology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 155–199, ISBN 978-1-4020-4065-8, retrieved 2020-11-02
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