2008 Sichuan earthquake: Difference between revisions

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Office workers in [[Chengdu]] reported a "continuous shaking for about two or three minutes", with many people rushing outside.<ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| coauthors= | title=Strong earthquake hits western China | date=2008-05-12 | publisher=MSNBC| url =http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24573168/ | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-05-12}}</ref>
Office workers in [[Chengdu]] reported a "continuous shaking for about two or three minutes", with many people rushing outside.<ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| coauthors= | title=Strong earthquake hits western China | date=2008-05-12 | publisher=MSNBC| url =http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24573168/ | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-05-12}}</ref>


== Tectonic summary ==
According to the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/#summary|title=Magnitude 7.9 - EASTERN SICHUAN, CHINA|date=2008 May 12 06:28:00 UTC}}</ref>
<blockquote>"The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking [[reverse fault]] or [[thrust fault]] on the northwestern margin of the [[Sichuan Basin]]. The earthquake’s epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the [[Longmenshan fault]] or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high [[Tibetan Plateau]], to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China."</blockquote>


<blockquote>"On a continental scale, the seismicity of central and eastern Asia is a result of northward convergence of the [[Indian Plate]] against the [[Eurasian Plate]] with a velocity of about 50 mm/y. The convergence of the two plates is broadly accommodated by the uplift of the Asian highlands and by the motion of crustal material to the east away from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau. The northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin has previously experienced destructive earthquakes. The magnitude 7.5 earthquake of [[August 25]], [[1933]] killed more than 9,300 people."</blockquote>


==Immediate aftermath==
==Immediate aftermath==

Revision as of 14:59, 13 May 2008

For other uses, see Sichuan earthquake.

Template:Fixhtml

2008 Sichuan earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude7.9 Mw / 7.8 Ms
Depth10 kilometres (6 mi)
Epicenter31°01′16″N 103°22′01″E / 31.021°N 103.367°E / 31.021; 103.367
Areas affected China
Casualties≥12,400 dead (preliminary)[1]

Template:Fixhtml The 2008 Sichuan earthquake occurred at 14:28:04.1 CST (06:28:04.1 UTC) on 12 May 2008,[2] with its epicenter in Wenchuan County (Chinese: 汶川县; Pinyin: Wènchuān Xiàn), Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China. It had a magnitude of 7.8 Ms according to the State Seismological Bureau of China and 7.9 Mw according to the United States Geological Survey. The epicenter was 90 kilometres (55 miles) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan.[3] The earthquake was felt as far away as Beijing and Shanghai, where office buildings swayed with the tremor,[4] Pakistan,[5] Thailand,[5] and Vietnam.[6]

With 11,921 recently confirmed dead so far,[7] it was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed approximately 250,000 people.[8]

Earthquake details

Map of epicenter

The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Prefecture, 90 km northwest of Chengdu, with its main tremor so far occurring at 14:28:04.1 CST (06:28:04.1 UTC), on Monday 12 May 2008. Early reports of the earthquake's magnitude ranged from 7.5 to 8.0. 20 major aftershocks ranging in magnitude from 5.0 to 6.0 were recorded within 24 hours of the main tremor.[9]

Office workers in Chengdu reported a "continuous shaking for about two or three minutes", with many people rushing outside.[10]


Immediate aftermath

USGS shake map

Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Building and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated.[11] Phone calls to emergency response numbers in Chengdu were repeatedly busy.[12] A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said the hotel had evacuated its guests, but said things were "calm" there now,[13] while workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes.[14] The Chengdu airport shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in nearby Kunming as a result.[15]

Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no building collapsed.[16] Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged.[5] Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Bernama, Gansu Province and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.[17]

All of the highways into Wenchuan were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops.[18][19] Over 2,300 base stations of China Mobile in Sichuan and nearby areas went offline, while the China Unicom network in Wenchuan broke down entirely.[20][21] In Beichuan county, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News.[22] In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried.[23] In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicentre, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and 50 dead. The Juyuan middle school, where many teenagers were buried, is being excavated by civilians and cranes.[24]

China's President Hu Jintao has said that the disaster response would be rapid.[25] Just one hour after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to direct the rescue work.[26]

Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected,[27] and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China will fall.[28]

China Mobile had more than 2,300 stations stop working due to power disruption or severe congestion and lost half of wireless communications in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers cut off.[29]

Officials have been unable to contact the Wolong Nature Reserve, home to 280 giant pandas.[30]

Casualties

Region Estimated Deaths[31]
Sichuan Mianyang 7,395
Deyang 2,648
Chengdu 959
Guangyuan 800
Ngawa 161
other divisions 107
Gansu 213
Shaanxi 103
Chongqing 11
Henan 2
Yunnan 1
Estimated total: ≥12,400

The quake caused 12,000 known deaths according to a report at 11:44 UTC on 13 May 2008,[24] but this figure may increase as more reports come in. In Chongqing, 5 students were reported killed, 20 more buried and more than 100 injured when one primary school collapsed.[32] [33] Xinhua reported that more than 50 students were confirmed killed and hundreds still buried when the Juyuan high school building collapsed in Dujiangyan, the city nearest to the epicenter.[34][35]

Officials and rescue teams have yet to reach some hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter due to roadways that were completely damaged or blocked off by landslides. The chief secretary of Wenchuan county said in a short satellite phone call that there were some 30,000 people gathered at the major town waiting for help, but roads and communication into the two hardest hit areas, Xuankou and Wolong, were still completely cut off. [36]

Rescue effort

On May 12, 2008, China's Health Ministry said that it had sent 10 emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County in southwest China's Sichuan Province. On the same day, China's Chengdu Military Area Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County[37] but because of the roughened terrain of the land and due to its close proximity to the quake's epicentre, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.[38]

The State Disaster Relief Commission initiated a "Level II emergency contingency plan" that covers the most serious class of natural disasters, which rose to Level I at 22:15 May 12 CST.[39]

An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.[40]

The Red Cross Society of China sent 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (113,000 U.S. dollars) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation has already started relief work in the region and has earmarked CNY 1 million for disaster relief.[41]

Many international rescue teams, including that of Taipei City Fire Department, are reported ready to join the rescue in Sichuan. However, the Red Cross Society of China said "it was inconvenient currently". [42]

Due to the persistent heavy rain and landslides at the Wenchuan County and nearby area, rescue progression is badly affected.[43][44] As of 12:55:21, May 13 2008 CST, the first group consists of 1,300 soldiers and a medical unit have reached Wenchuan County, the epicenter.[45]. By 17:37, May 13 2008 CST, a total number of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from Chengdu Military Region have joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas.[46][47] A commander reported from Yingxiu town, Wenchuan that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remains unclear. [48]

Prediction

See also: Earthquake prediction

In 2002, a study by Chen Xuezhong published in the Chinese seismology journal Recent Developments in World Seismology reported that starting 2003 there is a high probability of M≥7 earthquake in Sichuan Province.[49] "Sichuan is virtually certain to experience an earthquake measuring above 7 in the next few years" he wrote.[50]

On May 3, around 20:00 local time, Ngawa Prefecture's Earthquake Relief Authority received a number of phone calls asking them to confirm or deny a rumor that an earthquake had been predicted for Matang Village of Suomo township of Barkam County (马尔康县梭磨乡马塘村). The Authority then searched for the source of the rumors. Barkam County is about 120 kilometers (about 75 miles) northwest of the epicenter of the May 12 earthquake. On 6 May nearly 80,000 m3 of water that once filled the Guanyin pond of Baiguo township of Enshi city, Hubei province sank underground with a rumbling sound.[51]

On May 9, the official website of Sichuan Provincial Government reported that the provincial seismological bureau has denied making any related predictions. Tracing the rumors to a video conference when Barkam County's Geological Disaster Preventive Committee told county officials of a possible "Geological disaster" (地质灾害), but was misconstrued as a possible "Earthquake disaster" (地震灾害).[52] An anonymous user posted a thread on the popular Baidu Forums stating that earthquake clouds were observed in Linyi, Shandong, this was later confirmed by a user from Tongzhou District in Beijing.[53][54] On May 10, residents of Tanmu village of Southwest town of Mianzhu, Sichuan (less than 100 km from the epicentre) observed hundreds of thousands of toads migrating on a roadway near a pharmaceutical factory.[55] A similar phenomenon was observed a day earlier in Taizhou, Jiangsu.[56]

Criticism

In the press conference held by State's Information Office, a Singapore journalist said they received complaints from 7 workers in Sichuan earthquake bureau, who claimed they "detected some earthquake evidence several days before the earthquake, but the prediction was banned by the bureau for the stabilization before the 2008 Olympic Games" [57]. The bureau responses that earthquake forecasting is a "World problem", and no earthquake prediction card received before the earthquake[58].

Tremors felt in other places

Reaction outside mainland China

  • The head of the Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge, sent his condolences. He said to President Hu Jintao, "The Olympic Movement is at your side, especially during these difficult moments. Our thoughts are with you."[67]
  • European Union European Union has offered assistance to China following the earthquake and has been monitoring the situation afterwards.[68]
  • Germany German Chancellor Angela Merkel has offered her condolences as well as stating that the German government was ready to provide speedy assistance.[69]
  • Japan Japan has offered to send aid to Chinese victims of the quake.[70]
  • United States President George W. Bush gave China his condolences, and stated that "the thoughts and prayers of the American people are with the Chinese people, especially those directly affected. The United States stands ready to help in any way possible."[71] White House Press Secretary Dana Perino said that China had yet to ask for aid, so "what we can do as a country is offer our support and our thoughts and our prayers."[71]
    The United States reportedly has offered spy satellite imagery of the disaster area to the Chinese government[citation needed][dubious – discuss].
  • Australia Australia Foreign Minister Stephen Smith has expressed his condolences and offered help of search and rescue experts."[72]
  • Russia Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has sent message of solace, stating that Russia is ready to help if necessary."[73]
  • New Zealand New Zealand acting Prime Minister Michael Cullen extended New Zealand's sympathy and condolences to China, and said New Zealand stood ready to assist in an appropriate way if they were asked."[74]
  • Pakistan Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf extended condolences to China, and stated that the country stood by the great Chinese people, and assure them Pakistan's full support and solidarity.[75]
  • Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR pledged 38.4 million US dollars in aid and volunteer rescue teams for the victims in Sichuan.[76]
  • Singapore Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong offered to provide rescue teams and emergency workers to assist the recovery efforts.[77]

See also

References

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  76. ^ Hong Kong pledges 38 million US dollars to China earthquake rescue - The Earth Times
  77. ^ S'pore offers help to China's earthquake disaster

External links

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