Astara, Iran

Astara

آستارا
Astara آستارا
City
	Skyline of Astara
	Astara
	Coordinates: 38°25′45″N 48°52′19″E / 38.42917°N 48.87194°E
Country	Iran
Province	Gilan
County	Astara
Bakhsh	Central
Government
• Mayor	Javad Maayiati
Population (2016 Census)
• Total	51,579
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+4:30 (IRDT)

Astara (pronounced [ɒstaɾɒ] ^ⓘ; Persian: آستارا, also romanized as Āstārā)^[2] is a city and capital of Astara County, Gilan Province, Iran. It lies on the border with Azerbaijan Republic and on the Caspian Sea. It is an important border trade center between Iran and the Caucasus.

History

The earliest mention, under the name Astārāb, comes in the Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, written toward the end of the 10th century. In the 14th century, Astara became the seat of the small principality of the Esfahbad or Espahbad (-bod) of Gīlān. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Ṭālešī Khans of Āstārā were either autonomous or nominally subordinate to the governors of Gīlān or Ardabīl; on several occasions they played important parts in the history of the Caspian provinces.^[3] According to Minorsky, We do not know whether the later governors of Astara still continued the line of the ispahbads. Even after the conquest of Northern Tālish by the Russians (1813) the family of the Tālish-khans maintained some special rights.^[4]

Astara was part of the short lived Talysh Khanate in the 18th and 19th centuries, and for a short while it was the capital of the Khanate before it was moved to Lankaran.^[5] In 1828, with the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Astara was split into two. The city of Astara in Azerbaijan is located just across the Astarachay River.

Tourism

Astara has various attractions and is considered a major tourist destination for Iranians and foreigners, especially those from the Caucasus. The city has a selection of beaches and is near to a Temperate rainforest. Annually over six million Iranians, and six hundred thousand foreigners visit the city.^[6] The most popular beaches in this city are Shariati park and sadaf beach. Shariati beach park is located in the city, and Sadaf beach is 7 kilometers far from Astara city^[7]

Culture

Astara is home to one of the first libraries established in the country.^[8]

Agriculture

Rice has been cultivated in this region for many years, where some indigenous cultivars (landrace) were conventionally bred by farmers.^[9]

Climate

Astara has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), with relatively cold, wet winters and warm, humid summers.

Climate data for Astara (1986 - 2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	8.9 (48.0)	9.2 (48.6)	11.6 (52.9)	16.3 (61.3)	21.5 (70.7)	27.0 (80.6)	29.8 (85.6)	29.7 (85.5)	25.4 (77.7)	20.5 (68.9)	15.1 (59.2)	11.1 (52.0)	18.8 (65.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	5.7 (42.3)	6.1 (43.0)	8.6 (47.5)	13.0 (55.4)	17.9 (64.2)	22.8 (73.0)	25.4 (77.7)	25.5 (77.9)	21.8 (71.2)	17.4 (63.3)	12.0 (53.6)	7.9 (46.2)	15.3 (59.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.5 (36.5)	2.9 (37.2)	5.6 (42.1)	9.7 (49.5)	14.4 (57.9)	18.6 (65.5)	21.1 (70.0)	21.3 (70.3)	18.3 (64.9)	14.2 (57.6)	8.9 (48.0)	4.7 (40.5)	11.9 (53.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−7.8 (18.0)	−5.0 (23.0)	−1.6 (29.1)	0.6 (33.1)	5.4 (41.7)	12.0 (53.6)	14.8 (58.6)	14.2 (57.6)	11.4 (52.5)	5.8 (42.4)	0.0 (32.0)	−5.0 (23.0)	−7.8 (18.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	87.5 (3.44)	92.3 (3.63)	111.2 (4.38)	80.5 (3.17)	63.7 (2.51)	45.9 (1.81)	46.7 (1.84)	77.8 (3.06)	230.6 (9.08)	243.4 (9.58)	157.4 (6.20)	108.0 (4.25)	1,345 (52.95)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	11	10	12	10	9	6	4	7	10	13	11	9	112
Average relative humidity (%)	83	84	84	83	81	75	73	75	83	87	86	84	82
Source: Iranian Meteorological Organization ^[10]

Language

Linguistic composition of the city.^[11]

Astara, Iran linguistic composition
language			percent
Azerbaijani			60%
Persian			25%
Talysh			15%

Famous people from Astara

Fereydun Ebrahimi – Procurator-General in Azerbaijan People's Government
Ebrahim Nabavi – Iranian journalist
Payan Rafat – football player
Kamal Habibollahi – last Commander of the Imperial Iranian Navy
Arshia(AKA:jafar,teymor) – CEO of TURK

Education

Islamic Azad University of Astara

References

^ "Statistical Center of Iran > Home".
^ Astara, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3054011" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Bazin, Marcel [in Persian] (August 18, 2011) [December 15, 1988]. "ĀSTĀRĀ i. Town and sub-province". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 8. Vol. II. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 837–838. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ Minorsky, Vladimir (October 1954). "A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zāhid". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 16 (3). London: SOAS, University of London: 515–527. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00086821. S2CID 159901706.
^ "دانشنامه جهان اسلام بنیاد دائرة المعارف اسلامی".
^ "Untitled Page". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
^ zare, meysam (2019-04-02). "ساحل صدف آستارا". جاذبه های گردشگری - گیلان من (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
^ http://nikookaran.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=Contact&CategoryID=f1a3ff2a-0a52-497e-966b-297d5d06abd8&WebPartID=a77e46f5-1402-46f2-81bc-778daaff99e6&ID=c3b86c88-5d30-4c26-913c-52e5a0161523
^ Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.
^ http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/gilan/astara.txt ^{[bare URL plain text file]}
^ "Language distribution: Gilan Province". Iran Atlas. 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links

Astara entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica
Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.

[1] "Statistical Center of Iran > Home".

[2] Astara, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3054011" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".

[3] Bazin, Marcel [in Persian] (August 18, 2011) [December 15, 1988]. "ĀSTĀRĀ i. Town and sub-province". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 8. Vol. II. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 837–838. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

[4] Minorsky, Vladimir (October 1954). "A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zāhid". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 16 (3). London: SOAS, University of London: 515–527. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00086821. S2CID 159901706.

[5] "دانشنامه جهان اسلام بنیاد دائرة المعارف اسلامی".

[6] "Untitled Page". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-25.

[7] zare, meysam (2019-04-02). "ساحل صدف آستارا". جاذبه های گردشگری - گیلان من (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-04-06.

[8] ttp://nikookaran.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=Contact&CategoryID=f1a3ff2a-0a52-497e-966b-297d5d06abd8&WebPartID=a77e46f5-1402-46f2-81bc-778daaff99e6&ID=c3b86c88-5d30-4c26-913c-52e5a0161523

[pazuki-9] Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.

[10] ttp://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/gilan/astara.txt ^{[bare URL plain text file]}

[11] "Language distribution: Gilan Province". Iran Atlas. 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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