Diplocynodon
Diplocynodon Temporal range: Paleocene - Middle Miocene,
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Diplocynodon ratelii | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Reptilia |
Clade: | Archosauromorpha |
Clade: | Archosauriformes |
Order: | Crocodilia |
Superfamily: | Alligatoroidea |
Subfamily: | †Diplocynodontinae |
Genus: | †Diplocynodon Pomel, 1847 |
Species | |
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Synonyms | |
Diplocynodon is an extinct genus of alligatoroid that lived during the Paleocene to Middle Miocene in Europe. It looked very similar to the modern caiman in that it was small and had bony armour scutes covering its neck, back, belly, and tail. The longest Diplocynodon recovered was 4 feet in length and probably fed on small fish, frogs, and took insects when young.
In the nineteenth century, D. steineri was named from Styria, Austria and D. styriacus was named from Austria and France. A third Austrian species, Enneodon ungeri, was placed in its own genus. The Austrian and French species of Diplocynodon were synonymized with E. ungeri in 2011, and because the name Diplocynodon has priority over Enneodon, the species is now called D. ungeri.[7] Other genera have recently been found to be synonymous with Diplocynodon. Hispanochampsa muelleri of Spain was determined to be synonymous with Diplocynodon in 2006,[5] and Baryphracta deponaie of Germany was confirmed to be synonymous with Diplocynodon in 2012.[3]
Well preserved specimens have been found in the Messel Pit and the Geiseltal lignite deposit in Germany. Most articulated Diplocynodon specimens from these localities contain gastroliths. In the Eocene epoch, the German sites were either a swampy freshwater lake (Messel Pit) or a peat bog swamp (Geiseltal).
Species
Species | |||||
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Species | Age | Location | Unit | Notes | Images |
D. dalpiazi |
Late Rupelian |
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D. darwini |
All specimens are from Messel pit of Germany. Synonyms are: D. ebertsi and D. hallense. | ||||
Synonyms are: Baryphracta deponaie. | |||||
D. elavericus[8] |
Middle Priabonian |
All specimens came from Allier, Massif Central of France. | |||
D. gervaisi |
Earliest Rupelian |
Synonyms are: Saurocainus gervaisi. | |||
D. hantoniensis |
Early Priabonian |
All specimens came from Hordwell, southern England. D. cf. hantoniensis is known from the Oligocene of Dordogne, France. | |||
D. kochi |
Eocene (Priabonian) |
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D. muelleri[5] |
Middle Rupelian |
More than 100 are known, all from Lleida Province, Catalonia. Synonyms are: Hispanochampsa muelleri, D. guerini and D. marini. | |||
D. ratelii |
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D. ratelii is the type species of Diplocynodon. Most of the specimens came from Allier, Massif Central of France. Synonyms are: D. gracile. | |||
D. tormis |
Late Bartonian |
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D. ungeri[7] |
Middle Miocene |
Synonyms are: Enneodon ungeri, D. steineri, and D. styriacus (see text). |
*Locality and/or horizon of the type specimen.
Phylogeny
Diplocynodon is one of the basal-most members of the superfamily Alligatoroidea. Diplocynodon's placement within Alligatoroidea can be shown in the cladogram below, based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates that simultaneously used morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data.[9]
Crocodylia |
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Below is a more detailed cladogram of Diplocynodon:[10]
Diplocynodon |
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References
- ^ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
- ^ a b c Rossmann, T.; Blume, M. (1999). "Die Krokodil-Fauna der Fossillagerstätte Grube Messel". Ein aktueller Überblick., Natur und Museum, Frankfurt am Main. 129 (9): 261–270.
- ^ a b c d "Reappraisal of the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the middle Eocene alligatoroid Diplocynodon deponiae (Frey, Laemmert, and Riess, 1987) based on a three-dimensional specimen". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (6): 1358–1369. 2012. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.699484. S2CID 84977303.
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(help) - ^ Venczel M, Codrea VA (2022). "A new late Eocene alligatoroid crocodyliform from Transylvania". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 21 (20): 411–429. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a20. S2CID 248879850.
- ^ a b c d "Diplocynodon muelleri comb. nov., an Oligocene diplocynodontine alligatoroid from Catalonia (Ebro Basin, Lleida Province, Spain)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 608–620. 2006. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[608:DMCNAO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86181419.
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(help) - ^ Kälin, J. A. (1936). "Hispanochampsa mülleri nov. gen. nov. sp". Abh. Schweizer. Palaeontol. Gesellschaft. 58: 1–39.
- ^ a b "Taxonomic clarification of Diplocynodon Pomel, 1847 (Crocodilia) from the Miocene of Styria, Austria". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 261 (2): 177–193. 2011. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0159.
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(help) - ^ "A new species of Diplocynodon (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Late Eocene of the Massif Central, France, and the evolution of the genus in the climatic context of the Late Palaeogene". Geological Magazine. 147 (4): 596–610. 2010. Bibcode:2010GeoM..147..596M. doi:10.1017/S0016756809990161. S2CID 140593139.
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(help) - ^ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.
- ^ Tobias Massonne; Davit Vasilyan; Márton Rabi; Madelaine Böhme (2019). "A new alligatoroid from the Eocene of Vietnam highlights an extinct Asian clade independent from extant Alligator sinensis". PeerJ. 7: e7562. doi:10.7717/peerj.7562. PMC 6839522. PMID 31720094.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
- Fossils (Smithsonian Handbooks) by David Ward (Page 243)
External links
- Crocodilians
- Paleocene crocodylomorphs
- Eocene crocodylomorphs
- Oligocene crocodylomorphs
- Miocene crocodylomorphs
- Miocene genus extinctions
- Paleocene reptiles of Europe
- Paleocene first appearances
- Eocene reptiles of Europe
- Oligocene reptiles of Europe
- Miocene reptiles of Europe
- Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera
- Fossils of Austria
- Prehistoric archosaur stubs
- Fossil taxa described in 1847