Ecdysozoa
| Ecdysozoa Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Centipede | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| (unranked): | Protostomia |
| Superphylum: | Ecdysozoa Aguinaldo et al., 1997 |
| Phyla | |
Ecdysozoa (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˌɛkdɪs[invalid input: 'ɵ']ˈzoʊ.ə/) is a group of protostome animals,[1] including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata, crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla. They were first defined by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997, based mainly on trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes.[2] A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the Ecdysozoa as a clade, that is, a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.[3]
The group is also supported by morphological characters, and can be considered as including all animals that shed their exoskeleton (see ecdysis). Groups corresponding roughly to the Ecdysozoa had been proposed previously by Perrier in 1897 and Seurat in 1920 based on morphology alone.
The group has been contested by a significant minority of biologists. Some have argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques,[4] while others have contested the interpretation of the molecular data.[5][6]
Group characters
The most notable characteristic shared by ecdysozoans is a three-layered cuticle composed of organic material, which is periodically molted as the animal grows. This process of molting is called ecdysis and gives the group its name. The Ecdysozoans lack locomotory cilia, produce mostly amoeboid sperm, and their embryos do not undergo spiral cleavage as in most other protostomes. Various other features are found in the group, for instance, tardigrades, pycnogonids and roundworms have a triradiate pharynx.
The Ecdysozoa include the following phyla: Arthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, Loricifera, Nematoda and Nematomorpha. A few other groups, such as the gastrotrichs, have been considered possible members but lack the main characters of the group, and are now placed elsewhere. The Arthropoda, Onychophora and Tardigrada have been grouped together as the Panarthropoda because they are distinguished by segmented body plans.[7] Dunn et al. in 2008 suggested that the tardigrada could be grouped along with the nematodes, leaving Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods.[3]
The non-panarthropod members of Ecdysozoa have been grouped as Cycloneuralia but they are more usually considered paraphyletic.
Criticism
The grouping proposed by Aguinaldo et al. is widely accepted, although some zoologists still hold to the original view that Panarthropoda should be classified with Annelida in a group called the Articulata, and that Ecdysozoa are polyphyletic. Nielsen has suggested that a possible solution is to regard Ecdysozoa as a sister-group of Annelida.[8] Inclusion of the roundworms within the Ecdysozoa was initially contested[5][9] but since 2003, a broad consensus has formed supporting the Ecdysozoa [10] and in 2011 the Darwin-Wallace Medal was awarded for the discovery of the New Animal Phylogeny consisting of the Ecdysozoa, the Lophotrochozoa, and the Deuterostomia.
References
- ^ Telford MJ, Bourlat SJ, Economou A, Papillon D, Rota-Stabelli O (2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 363 (1496): 1529–37. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Aguinaldo, A. M. A. (1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals". Nature. 387 (6632): 489–493. doi:10.1038/387489a0. PMID 9168109.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Dunn, CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW; Obst, M; et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last=(help) - ^ Nielsen, Claus (1995). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850682-9.
- ^ a b Blair, J. E. (2002). "The evolutionary position of nematodes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7. PMC 102755. PMID 11985779.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wägele, J. W. (1999). "The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum?". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37: 211–223.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Paleos Invertebrates: Panarthropoda - URL retrieved February 17, 2007
- ^ Nielsen, C. (2003) Proposing a solution to the Articulata–Ecdysozoa controversy. Zoologica Scripta 32:5, 475-482
- ^ Wägele, J. W. (2001). "On quality of evidence in phylogeny reconstruction: a reply to Zrzavý's defence of the 'Ecdysozoa' hypothesis". J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research. 39 (3): 165–176. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00177.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Maximilian J Telford and D. Timothy J Littlewood (2008)|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B|year=2008|volume=363|pages=1421–1424|title=The evolution of the animals: introduction to a Linnean tercentenary celebration doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2231
External links
