Lophotrochozoa

Lophotrochozoa Temporal range: Early Cambrian - Recent
Caribbean Reef Squid or Sepioteuthis sepioidea is a complex lophotrochozoan.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
(unranked):	Bilateria
Superphylum:	Lophotrochozoa Halanych et al., 1995
Phyla
Sipuncula Hyolitha † Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Echiura

The Lophotrochozoa ( /ləˌfɒtrɵkɵˈzoʊ.ə/, "crest/wheel animals") are a major grouping of protostome animals. The taxon was discovered based on molecular data. Molecular evidence such as a result of studies of the evolution of small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) supports the monophyly of the phyla listed in the infobox shown at right.

Terminology

The word "lophotrochozoan" is sometimes equated with spiralian. When used in a broader sense (sensu lato), it can include rotifers and platyhelminthes. When used sensu stricto, it refers to a subgroup of Spiralia.

Groups

The Lophotrochozoa comprise two groups, the trochozoans and the lophophorata. The exact relationships between the different phyla are not entirely certain. However, it appears that neither the lophophorates nor the trochozoa are monophyletic groups by themselves, but are mixed together.

• Trochozoans produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle. Previously these were treated together as the Trochozoa, together with the arthropods, which do not produce trochophore larvae but were considered close relatives of the annelids because they are both segmented. However, they show a number of important differences, and the arthropods are now placed separately among the Ecdysozoa. The Trochozoa include the Nemertea, Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora and Annelida.

• The Lophophorata are united by the presence of a lophophore, a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth, and so were treated together as the lophophorates. They are unusual in showing radial cleavage, and some authors considered them deuterostomes, before RNA trees placed them together with the trochozoans. The Lophophorata include the Bryozoa, Entoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda.

Other phyla are included on the basis of molecular data.

Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Entoprocta Mollusca Annelida Phoronida Brachiopoda Nemertea Chaetognatha Bryozoa Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Rotifera Myzostomida Acoela Gnathostomulida Ecdysozoa A phylogenetic tree of the Lophotrochozoa as suggested by Dunn et al. (2008)

See also

• Debate about Cambrian Lophotrochozoans

Further reading

• Podsiadlowski R. 2009. Phylogeny and mitochondrial gene order variation in Lophotrochozoa in the light of new mitogenomic data from Nemertea. BMC Genomics 2009, 10:364. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-364