High-voltage substations in the United Kingdom
The high-voltage (400 kV and 275 kV) electricity substations in the United Kingdom are listed in the following tables. The substations provide entry points to, and exit points from, the National Grid (GB) or Northern Ireland Electricity Network. Entry points include power stations, major wind farms and inter-connectors from other countries and regions. Exit points are to lower voltage (275 kV, 132 kV, 66 kV and 33 kV) transmission and distribution substations which are also shown in the tables.
History[edit]
The first high-voltage substations in Britain were built as part of the National Grid in 1927–33 by the Central Electricity Board under the provisions of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926. The substations and the grid operated at 132 kV and provided local and regional inter-connections.[1] Higher voltage substations were built as part of the super-grid designed for the bulk transfer of electricity which began to operate from 1953, firstly at 275 kV then from 1965 additionally at 400 kV.[2] The first 400 kV line was the 150 mile section between West Burton power station in Nottinghamshire and Sundon substation in Bedfordshire, the line had a capacity of 1,800 MVA per circuit.[3] The first 400 kV substations in Scotland were commissioned in 1972 associated with the line from Hunterston, Ayrshire to Neilston, Renfrewshire.[3]
From 1958 the super-grid and its substations were built by the Transmission Project Group within the Central Electricity Generating Board and included architects and landscape architects. The 400 kV super-grid reduced the number of lines and substations and therefore the number of amenity objections.[4] Some substations in urban areas were installed in enclosed structures but the majority were in the open.[2] The appearance of substations, and their visual impact, was improved using earth mounds and trees. Between 1968 and 1973, 725,000 tall trees, 915,400 smaller trees and 17,600 ground cover plants had been used to screen substations.[2] The substation at Sundon, Bedfordshire adjacent to the M1 motorway was screened with a beech hedge, and at Bishop’s Wood in Worcestershire the substation was built within an existing wood.[2] In 1972 a Mark II low profile 400 kV substation was commissioned, the first was at Wymondley, Hertfordshire. The substation used lighter support structures and the height was reduced from 72 ft to 53 ft (21.9 m to 16.1 m).[3]
The rapid development of the 400 kV system is demonstrated in the numbers of new substations that were being built: in 1971 ten 400 kV substations were commissioned by the CEGB, these were: Pheasant Farm, Abham, Didcot, Exeter, Hinkley Point, Indian Queens, Landulph, Melksham, Drax and Harker.[5] By 1973 there were sixty-one 400 kV substations.[2] In 1979 there were a total of 201 (275 kV and 400 kV) substations.[6] By the time of privatisation of the British electricity industry in 1990 there were 212 substations operating at 275 kV and 400 kV, and a total of 4,069 circuit km operating at 275 kV, and 9,822 circuit km at 400 kV.[2][7] In 2020 there were 179 400 kV substations and 137 275 kV substations.[8]
Centralised co-ordination of electricity supplies in Northern Ireland began with the establishment of the Electricity Board for Northern Ireland in 1931.[3] The Northern Ireland Electricity Service was established on 1 April 1973 by the Electricity Supply (Northern Ireland) Order 1972.[3] The integrated electricity network was built in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[9] In 1979 the system comprised 323 route km of 275 kV lines, 836 route km of 110 kV line, and 38,875 km of distribution mains.[6]
Owners and operators[edit]
The 275/400 kV grid and substations in England and Wales are owned and operated by National Grid Electricity Transmission plc. It also operates the grid and substations in Scotland although the systems are owned by Scottish Power and Scottish & Southern Energy. In Northern Ireland grid and substations are owned and operated by Northern Ireland Electricity Networks Limited (NIE Networks).
England and Wales[edit]
400 kV substations[edit]
The 400 kV substations in England and Wales and their interconnections are given in the following table. The identification codes (e.g. 4YF) for the interconnecting lines and the lower voltage transmission, if any, from the substation are also given.[8][10][11][12][13]
| Substation name | Location county/unitary authority | Connection to other 400 kV substations: | Remarks | Lower voltage transmission from substation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abham | Devon | Exeter | Code 4YF | |
| Landulph | ||||
| Alverdiscott | Devon | Taunton | ||
| Indian Queens | ||||
| Amersham Main | Buckinghamshire | Iver | 132 kV | |
| East Claydon | ||||
| Aust | South Gloucestershire | Melksham | Cable sealing end compound for underground Severn-Wye cable tunnel | |
| Newhouse | ||||
| Axminster | Devon | Exeter | Code 4YA | |
| Chickerell | ||||
| Barking | Greater London | West Ham | 275 kV, 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| West Thurrock | ||||
| Tilbury | Code YYJ | |||
| Beddington | Greater London | Rowdown | Beddington Cable Tunnel Code ZZT | 275 kV, 132 kV |
| Kingsnorth | Former ±266 kV HVDC Kingsnorth circuit (operational 1974-86) | |||
| Willesden | ||||
| Bicker Fen | Lincolnshire | On Walpole–West Burton circuits | 132 kV | |
| Blyth | Northumberland | Link to Stella West–Eccles circuits | ||
| North Sea Link HVDC convertor station | HVDC link to Norway | |||
| Bodelwyddan | Denbighshire | Feed from Burbo Bank wind farm | ||
| Link to Connahs Quay–Pentir circuits | ||||
| Bolney | West Sussex | Ninfield | Code 4VM Also feed from Rampion wind farm | 132 kV, 33 kV |
| Lovedean | Code 4VF | |||
| Botley Wood | Hampshire | Lovedean | Code 4YE | |
| Chilling | Code 4YE | |||
| Bradford West | West Yorkshire | Eggborough | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Elland | ||||
| Lower Shelf | ||||
| Braintree | Essex | Rayleigh Main | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Twinstead Tee | ||||
| Bramford | Suffolk | Stocking Pelham | 132 kV | |
| Norwich Main | Code 4YM | |||
| Sizewell | 4 circuits | |||
| East Anglia ONE | 220 kV feed from East Anglia ONE windfarm | |||
| Bramley | Hampshire | Fleet | 132 kV | |
| West Weybridge | Code ZH | |||
| Melksham | Code YYM | |||
| Didcot | ||||
| Bredbury | Greater Manchester | Macclesfield | ||
| South Manchester | ||||
| Bridgwater | Somerset | Under construction (2020) | ||
| Brinsworth | South Yorkshire | Thorpe Marsh | 275 kV | |
| Britned | Kent | Grain | ||
| Bull's Lodge | Essex | On Rayleigh Main–Braintree circuits | ||
| Burwell Main | Cambridgeshire | Pelham | 132 kV | |
| Walpole | ||||
| Bustleholm | West Midlands | Substation | ||
| Link to Hams Hall–Draklow circuits | ||||
| Canterbury North | Kent | Kemsley | Code ZV | |
| Richborough | ||||
| Sellindge | Code ZY | |||
| Capenhurst | Cheshire West and Chester | Connahs Quay | ||
| Carrington | Greater Manchester | Daines | ||
| South Manchester | ||||
| Kearsley | ||||
| Cellarhead | Staffordshire | Drakelow | Code ZE | |
| Macclesfield | ||||
| Chafford Hundred | Essex | |||
| Chickerell | Dorset | Mannington | Code 4VN | |
| Axminster | ||||
| Chilling | Hampshire | Botley Wood | Code 4YE | |
| Fawley | ||||
| Cilfynydd | Rhondda | Imperial Park | 275 kV | |
| Swansea North | ||||
| Seabank | ||||
| Rassau–Rhigos circuit | ||||
| City Road | Greater London | St. John’s Wood | Underground along Regent’s Canal | 132 kV, 33 kV |
| West Ham | Underground along Lea Navigation, Hertford Union and Regent’s Canals | |||
| Cleve Hill | Kent | On Kemsley– Canterbury North circuits | Feed from London Array | |
| Connahs Quay | Flintshire (Sir y Fflint) | Capenhurst | ||
| Daines | ||||
| Flintshire Bridge Convertor | Western HVDC Link | |||
| Treuddyn | ||||
| Pentir | ||||
| Coryton South | Essex | Spur on Tilbury –Rayleigh Main circuits | ||
| Cottham | Nottinghamshire | West Burton | 400 kV link to Cottam Development Centre | |
| Wymondley | ||||
| High Marnham | ||||
| Cowley | Oxfordshire | Didcot | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Seven Springs | Code 4TE | |||
| East Claydon | ||||
| Crayford | Greater London | Hurst | Under construction | |
| Creyke Beck | East Yorkshire | Thornton | ||
| Keadby | ||||
| Culham JET | Oxfordshire | Spur on Didcot–Cowley circuits | ||
| Daines | Greater Manchester | Connahs Quay | ||
| Carrington | ||||
| South Manchester | ||||
| Macclesfield | ||||
| Damhead Creek | Kent | Kingsnorth | ||
| Deeside power station | Cheshire West | Connahs Quay | ||
| Didcot | Oxfordshire | Bramley | Code 4YG | 132 kV, 33 kV |
| Cowley | ||||
| Dinorwig | Gwynedd | Pentir | Underground | |
| Tee on Pentir-Trawsfynydd circuits | Underground | |||
| Drakelow | Derbyshire | Cellarhead | Code ZE | |
| Penn | Code ZN | |||
| Hams Hall | ||||
| Ratcliffe | ||||
| Drax | North Yorkshire | Thornton | Code 4VC | |
| Eggborough | Code 4VJ | |||
| Fenwick Tee | Code 4VH | |||
| Dungeness | Kent | Sellindge | Code 4VO | 275 kV |
| Ninfield | Code 4ZJ | |||
| East Claydon | Buckinghamshire | Cowley | 132 kV | |
| Amersham | ||||
| Sundon | ||||
| Enderby | ||||
| Eaton Socon | Cambridgeshire | On Wymondley–Cottam circuits | 132 kV | |
| Eccles (Scotland) | Borders | Stella West | ||
| Eccleshill | West Yorkshire | Padiham | ||
| Penwortham | Code ZO | |||
| Kearsley | ||||
| Eggborough | North Yorkshire | Drax | Code 4VJ | |
| To trans-Pennine (Woodhead) circuits | ||||
| Monk Fryston | ||||
| Elland | West Yorkshire | Bradford West | ||
| Link to Ferrybridge–Rochdale circuits | ||||
| Elstree | Hertfordshire | St John’s Wood | Elstree to St. John’s Wood Deep Cable Tunnel | 275 kV, 132 kV |
| Sundon | ||||
| Enderby | Leicestershire | East Claydon | ||
| Ratcliffe | ||||
| Exeter | Devon | Taunton | Code ZZ | |
| Fawley | Hampshire | Nursling | Code 4YD | |
| Mannington | ||||
| Feckenham | Worcestershire | Seven Springs | 132 kV | |
| Hams Hall | ||||
| Penn | ||||
| Fenwick Tee | North Yorkshire | Connection to Drax on the Thorpe Marsh to Keadby circuit | ||
| Ferrybridge | North Yorkshire | Drax | ||
| Rochdale | ||||
| Fleet | Hampshire | Lovedean | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Bramley | ||||
| Flintshire Bridge Convertor | Flintshire | Connahs Quay | ||
| Frodsham | Halton | Rocksavage power station | ||
| Capenhurst | ||||
| Grain | Kent | Kingsnorth | Code 4YN | |
| Kemsley | Code 4TL, includes River Medway Cable Tunnel | |||
| Grain CHP | ||||
| Medway power station | ||||
| Grain Static Inverter Plant BritNed | 450 kV DC | |||
| Grain CHP | Kent | Grain | ||
| Grain Static Inverter | Kent | Grain | ||
| Grendon | Northamptonshire | Sundon | 132 kV | |
| Staythorpe | ||||
| Grimsby West | North East Lincolnshire | Keadby | Feed from South Humber Bank, Killingholme B and Immingham power stations to Keadby–Grimsby West circuits | |
| Hackney | Greater London | Seven Sisters Road | London Power Tunnels | 275 kV, 132 kV, 66 kV |
| West Ham | Lower Lea Valley Cable Tunnel | |||
| St. John’s Wood | London Power Tunnel, single circuit | |||
| Hambleton Tee | Lancashire | Heysham | ||
| Penwortham | ||||
| Stanah | ||||
| Hams Hall | Warwickshire | Feckenham | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Ratcliffe | ||||
| Drakelow | ||||
| Harker | Cumbria | Hutton | ||
| Gretna (Scotland) | ||||
| Hawthorn Pit | Durham | Norton | Code 4TF | |
| Heysham | Lancashire | Stanah (via Hambleton Tee) | ||
| Quernmore | ||||
| Highbury | Greater London | Spur Seven Sisters Road–St. John’s Wood circuit | Underground line | 11 kV |
| High Marnham | Nottinghamshire | Cottam | ||
| Staythorpe | ||||
| Hinckley Point | Somerset | Melksham | ||
| Humber Refinery | North Lincolnshire | Immingham power station | ||
| Hurst | Greater London | New Cross | Under construction | 275 kV, 132 kV |
| Crayford | Under construction | |||
| Hutton | Cumbria | Harker | ||
| Quernmore | ||||
| Imperial Park | Newport | Melksham | ||
| Cilfynydd | ||||
| Indian Queens | Cornwall | Landulph | ||
| Alverdiscott | ||||
| Ironbridge | Telford and Wrekin | Penn | ||
| Drakelow–Penn circuits | ||||
| Shrewsbury | ||||
| Iver | Buckinghamshire | Amersham | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Keadby | North Lincolnshire | West Burton | 132 kV | |
| Grimsby West | ||||
| Thorpe Marsh | ||||
| Kearsley | Greater Manchester | Carrington | ||
| Penwortham | ||||
| Kemsley | Kent | Grain | Code 4TL , includes River Medway Cable Tunnel | 132 kV, 33 kV |
| Northfleet West | Code TP | |||
| Canterbury North | Code ZV | |||
| Kensal Green | Greater London | St. John’s Wood | Underground, along Regent’s Canal and Grand Union Canal | |
| Willesden | Underground, along Grand Union Canal | |||
| Wimbledon | London Power Tunnels, single circuit | |||
| Killingholme | North Lincolnshire | On Keadby–Grimsby circuits | ||
| Kingsnorth | Kent | Northfleet East | Code 4YN | |
| Tilbury | Code 4VG | |||
| Grain | Code 4TK | |||
| Feed from Damhead Creek | ||||
| Beddington | Former ±266 kV HVDC Kingsnorth circuit (operational 1974-86) | |||
| Lackenby | Redcar and Cleveland | Thornton | 275 kV, 66 kV | |
| Landulph | Cornwall | Indian Queens | ||
| Abham | ||||
| Langage power station | Devon | Abham–Landulph circuit | ||
| Legacy | Wrexham | Shrewsbury | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Treuddyn | ||||
| Leighton Buzzard | Bedfordshire | On East Claydon–Sundon circuits | ||
| Little Barford | Bedfordshire | On Wymondley– Cottam circuits | ||
| Littlebrook | Kent | Northfleet West | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| West Thurrock | Dartford Cable Tunnel | |||
| Longfield | Kent | ? | ||
| Lovedean | Hampshire | Bolney | Code 4VF | 132 kV |
| Fleet | Code VB | |||
| Nursling | Code 4YC | |||
| Botley Wood | Code 4YE | |||
| Lower Shelf | Blackburn with Darwen | Padiham | ||
| Bradford West | ||||
| Monk Fryston | ||||
| Macclesfield | Cheshire | Cellarhead | Code YV? | |
| Daines | ||||
| Stalybridge | ||||
| Mannington | Dorset | Chickerell | Code 4VN | |
| Nursling | ||||
| Marchwood | Hampshire | On Fawley–Nursling circuits | ||
| Medway power station | Kent | Grain | ||
| Melksham | Wiltshire | Hinkley Point | Code ZG | |
| Bramley | Code YYM | |||
| Minety | ||||
| Imperial Park | ||||
| Seabank | ||||
| 400 kV feed to Whitson | ||||
| Middleton | Lancashire | Heysham | ||
| Link on Penwortham –Hutton circuit | ||||
| Minety | Wiltshire | Seven Springs | 132 kV | |
| Melksham | ||||
| Monk Fryston | North Yorkshire | Eggborough | 275 kV | |
| Lower Shelf | ||||
| Necton | Norfolk | On Norwich Main–Walpole circuits | 132 kV | |
| Neepsend | Sheffield | Hunshelf | ||
| New Cross | Greater London | Wimbledon | Under construction | 275 kV, 132 kV, 66 kV |
| Hurst | Under construction | |||
| Newhouse | Monmouthshire | Aust/Whitson | Cable sealing end compound for underground Severn crossing | |
| Ninfield | East Sussex | Dungeness | Code 4ZJ | 132 kV, 33 kV |
| Bolney | Code 4VM | |||
| Northfleet East | Kent | Northfleet West | 132 kV | |
| West Thurrock | Includes overhead Thames Crossing | |||
| Singlewell | Code 4YN | |||
| Northfleet West | Kent | Rowdown | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Northfleet East | ||||
| Littlebrook | ||||
| Kemsley | Code TP | |||
| North Sea Link HVDC convertor station | Northumberland | Blyth | HVDC link to Norway | |
| Norton | Stockton on Tees | Hawthorn Pit | Code 4TF | |
| Spennymoor | ||||
| Teesside high voltage users | ||||
| Osbaldwick | ||||
| Norwich Main | Norfolk | Bramford | Code 4YM | 132 kV |
| Walpole | Code 4VV | |||
| Nursling | Hampshire | Fawley | ||
| Lovedean | Code 4YC | |||
| Mannington | ||||
| Oldbury | West Midlands | Drakelow | ||
| 275 kV substation | ||||
| Osbaldwick | York | Norton | 132 kV | |
| Thornton | ||||
| Padiham | Lancashire | Lower Shelf | 132 kV | |
| Eccleshill | ||||
| Patford Bridge | Northamptonshire | On East Claydon– Enderby circuit | ||
| Pembroke | Pembrokeshire | Swansea North | 132 kV | |
| Penn | West Midlands | Feckenham | 132 kV | |
| Ironbridge | ||||
| Drakelow | Code ZN | |||
| Pentir | Gwynedd | Trawsfynydd | Code 4ZC | |
| Dinorwig | ||||
| Connahs Quay | ||||
| Wylfa | ||||
| Penwortham | Lancashire | Kearsley | ||
| Stanah (via Hambleton Tee) | ||||
| Quernmore | ||||
| Eccleshill | Code ZO | |||
| Pudding Mill Lane | Greater London | Spur from West Ham–City Road line | Underground cable, main traction current supply to Elizabeth line, back up supply at Kensal Green/Westbourne Park[14] | 25 kV |
| Quernmore | Lancashire | Hutton | Code ZX | |
| Heysham | ||||
| Penwortham | ||||
| Rassau | Blaenau Gwent | Rhigos | 132 kV | |
| Walham | ||||
| Ratcliffe | Leicestershire | Staythorpe | 132 kV | |
| Enderby | ||||
| Coventry | ||||
| Drakelow | ||||
| Willington | ||||
| Rayleigh Main | Essex | Tilbury | 132 kV | |
| Braintree | Code 4VB | |||
| Rhigos | Rhondda | Swansea North | ||
| Rassau | ||||
| Richborough | Kent | Canterbury North | Code ZID, feed to/from NEMO | 132 kV, 33 kV |
| Rochdale | Lancashire | Ferrybridge | 132 kV | |
| Whitegate | ||||
| Rocksavage | Halton | Frodsham | ||
| Rowdown | Greater London | Beddington | Beddington Cable Tunnel Code ZZT | |
| Northfleet West | ||||
| Rugeley | Staffordshire | On Penn–Drakelow circuits | ||
| Rye House | Hertfordshire | Stocking Pelham | 132 kV | |
| Waltham Cross | ||||
| St. John’s Wood | Greater London | Kensal Green | Underground, along Regent’s Canal and Grand Union Canal | 275 kV, 132 kV, 66 kV, 22 kV |
| City Road | Underground along Regent’s Canal | |||
| Hackney | London Power Tunnel, single circuit | |||
| Elstree | Elstree to St. John’s Wood Deep Cable Tunnel | |||
| Sandford | North Somerset | Under construction (2020) | ||
| Seabank | Bristol | Cilfynydd | ||
| Melksham | ||||
| Sellindge | Kent | Canterbury North | 132 kV | |
| Dungeness | Code 4VO | |||
| Feed to/from France | 270 kV DC | |||
| Seven Sisters Road | Greater London | On Hackney– St John’s Wood circuits | ||
| Seven Springs | Gloucestershire | Cowley | ||
| Minety | ||||
| Walham | ||||
| Feckenham | Code ZF | |||
| Shotton Converter Station | Flintshire | Deeside power station | ||
| Woodland Conversion Station (Ireland) | 400 kV DC East – West Interconnecter to Republic of Ireland, operated by EirGrid | |||
| Shrewsbury | Shropshire | Ironbridge | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Legacy | ||||
| Singlewell feeder | Kent | Spur on Northfleet East– Kingsnorth circuits (Code 4YN) | Traction current supply to High Speed 1 | 25 kV |
| Sizewell | Suffolk | Bramford | 4 circuits | |
| South Humber Bank power station | North Lincolnshire | On Keadby–Grimsby West circuits | ||
| South Manchester | Greater Manchester | Daines | ||
| Carrington | ||||
| Bredbury | ||||
| Spalding | Lincolnshire | On Walpole–West Burton circuits | ||
| Spennymoor | Durham | Stella West | ||
| To Norton–Hawthorn Pit circuits | ||||
| Stanah | Lancashire | Penwortham (via Hambleton Tee) | ||
| Heysham | ||||
| Stalybridge | Greater Manchester | Thorpe Marsh | Code 4ZO Trans-Pennine via Woodhead tunnel | 275 kV |
| Stocksbridge | ||||
| Macclesfield | ||||
| Staythorpe | Nottinghamshire | Grendon | 132 kV | |
| Ratcliffe | ||||
| High Marnham | 4 circuits | |||
| Stella West | Tyne and Wear | Eccles | ||
| Spennymoor | Code 4TQ | |||
| Stocksbridge | South Yorkshire | Eggborough | ||
| Stalybridge | Code 4ZO Trans-Pennine via Woodhead tunnel | |||
| Stoke Bardolph | Nottinghamshire | Ratcliffe | ||
| High Marnham | ||||
| Stocking Pelham | Essex | Wymondley | 132 kV | |
| Rye House | ||||
| Burwell Main | ||||
| Bramford | ||||
| Sundon | Central Bedfordshire | Elstree | 132 kV | |
| East Claydon | ||||
| Grendon | ||||
| Wymondley | ||||
| Sutton Bridge power station | Lincolnshire | Walpole | ||
| Swansea North | Swansea | Cilfynydd | ||
| Rhigos | ||||
| Pembroke | ||||
| Taunton | Somerset | Alverdiscott | Code 4VW | |
| Exeter | ||||
| Hinkley Point | ||||
| Thornton | City of York | Drax | Code 4VC | |
| Lackenby | ||||
| Osbaldwick | ||||
| Thorpe Marsh | South Yorkshire | Keadby | ||
| Brinsworth | ||||
| Stalybridge | Code 4ZO Trans–Pennine via Woodhead tunnel | |||
| Tilbury | Essex | Kingsnorth | Includes Thames Cable Tunnel | 275 kV, 132 kV |
| Barking | ||||
| Rayleigh Main | ||||
| Tod Point | Redcar and Cleveland | Lackenby | ||
| Trawsfynydd | Gwynedd | Treuddyn | ||
| Pentir | Code 4ZC | |||
| Treuddyn | Flintshire | Connahs Quay | ||
| Trawsfynydd | ||||
| Legacy | ||||
| Twinstead Tee | Essex | On Bramford–Stocking Pelham circuits | ||
| Walham | Gloucestershire | Rassau | 132 kV | |
| Seven Springs | ||||
| Walpole | Norfolk | Burwell Main | 220 kV, 132 kV | |
| Norwich Main | Code 4VV | |||
| West Burton | ||||
| Feed from Sutton Bridge Power Station | ||||
| Waltham Cross | Hertfordshire | Rye House | 275 kV | |
| West Burton | Nottinghamshire | Walpole | 132 kV | |
| Keadby | ||||
| Cottam | ||||
| West Ham | Greater London | Barking | 132 kV, 66 kV | |
| City Road | Underground, along Lea Navigation, Hertford Union Canal and Regent’s Canal | |||
| Hackney | Lower Lea Valley Cable Tunnel | |||
| West Thurrock | Essex | Barking | 275 kV | |
| Northfleet East | Overhead Thames Crossing | |||
| Littlebrook | Includes Dartford Cable Tunnel | |||
| West Weybridge | Surrey | Bramley | Code ZH | 275 kV, 132 kV |
| Whitegate | Greater Manchester | Rochdale | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Whitson | Newport | Melksham | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Imperial Park | ||||
| Willesden | Greater London | Kensal Green | Underground, along Grand Union Canal | 275 kV, 132 kV, 66 kV, 22 kV |
| Beddington | Former ±266 kV HVDC Kingsnorth circuit (operational 1974-86) | |||
| Willington | Derbyshire | Ratcliffe | ||
| Wimbledon | Greater London | Kensal Green | London Power Tunnels, single circuit | 275 kV, 132 kV |
| New Cross | Under construction | |||
| Wylfa | Anglesey (Sir Ynys Mon) | Pentir | 132 kV | |
| Wymondley | Hertfordshire | Sundon | 132 kV | |
| Cottam Power Station | ||||
| Stocking Pelham | Code 4TB |
275 kV substations[edit]
The 275 kV substations in England and Wales and their interconnections are given in the following table. The lower voltage transmission, if any, from the substation is also given.[8][10][11][12][13]
| Substation name | Location county/unitary authority | Connection to other substation(s) | Remarks | Lower voltage transmission from substation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aberthaw | Cardiff | Pyle | ||
| Upper Boat | ||||
| Tremorfa | ||||
| Aldwarke | South Yorkshire | West Melton | ||
| Brinsworth | ||||
| Alpha Steel | Newport | Uskmouth | ||
| Baglan Bay | Neath | Margam | ||
| Swansea North | ||||
| Barking | Greater London | Redbridge | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Beddington | Greater London | Chessington | Code ZZU | 132 kV |
| Wimbledon | ||||
| Berkswell | West Midlands | Coventry | ||
| Feckenham | ||||
| Ocker Hill | ||||
| Birkenhead | Merseyside | Capenhurst | ||
| Lister Drive | ||||
| Bishops Wood | Staffordshire | 2 links to Penn–Feckenham circuit | 132 kV, 66 kV | |
| Blyth | Northumberland | Stella West | Code XF | 132 kV, 66 kV |
| Bradford West | West Yorkshire | Padiham | ||
| Elland | ||||
| Kirkstall | ||||
| Monk Fryston | ||||
| Bredbury | Greater Manchester | Staylybridge | ||
| Macclesfield | ||||
| South Manchester | ||||
| Brimsdown | Greater London | Waltham Cross | 132 kV | |
| Tottenham | ||||
| Brinsworth | South Yorkshire | Thurcroft | ||
| Templeborough | ||||
| BOC operations centre Brinsworth | ||||
| Chesterfield | ||||
| Tinsley Park | ||||
| Neeps End | ||||
| Bridgwater | Somerset | Hinkley Point | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Bushbury | West Midlands | link to Drakelow–Penn circuit | 132 kV | |
| Bustleholme | West Midlands | Nechells | 132 kV | |
| Drakelow | ||||
| Capenhurst | Cheshire West and Chester | Frodsham | 132 kV | |
| Birkenhead | ||||
| Cardiff East | Cardiff | Pyle-Aberthaw circuit | ||
| Whitson | ||||
| Chessington | Surrey | West Weybridge | Code ZM | 132 kV |
| Beddington | Code ZZU | |||
| Chesterfield | Derbyshire | High Marnham | 132 kV | |
| Brinsworth | ||||
| Cilfynnyd | Rhondda | Upper Boat | 132 kV | |
| Coventry | West Midlands | Ratcliffe | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Nechells | ||||
| Berkswell | ||||
| Cowbridge Tee | Cardiff | On Aberthaw, Cardiff East, Pyle circuits | ||
| Creyke Beck | East Yorkshire | Saltend North | ||
| Daines | Greater Manchester | South Manchester | ||
| 400 kV substation | ||||
| Drakelow | Worcestershire | Bustleholm | 132 kV | |
| Penn | ||||
| Dungeness | Kent | Power station 275 kV to 400 kV step-up transformer | ||
| Ealing | Greater London | Laleham | ||
| Willesden | ||||
| Elland | West Yorkshire | Ferrybridge | ||
| Stalybridge | ||||
| Bradford West | ||||
| Kirkstall | ||||
| Elstree | Hertfordshire | Waltham Cross | 132 kV | |
| Watford | ||||
| Mill Hill | ||||
| Feckenham | Worcestershire | Bishops Wood | ||
| Berkswell | ||||
| Ferrybridge | North Yorkshire | Monk Fryston | ||
| Skelton Grange | ||||
| Elland | ||||
| Ffestiniog | Gwynedd | Trawsfynydd | ||
| Fiddlers Ferry | Warrington | Rainhill | 132 kV | |
| Frodsham | ||||
| Fourstones | Northumberland | Stella West | ||
| Harker | Code XB | |||
| Frodsham | Halton | Fiddlers Ferry | 132 kV | |
| Capenhurst | ||||
| Grangetown | Redcar and Cleveland | Feed from Lackenby | Underground cable | |
| Greystones | Redcar and Cleveland | Lackenby (400 kV) | ||
| Tod Point | ||||
| Hackney | Greater London | Tottenham | 132 kV, 66 kV | |
| Hams Hall | Warwickshire | Coventry | 132 kV | |
| Bustleholm | ||||
| Nechells | ||||
| Harker | Cumbria | Fourstones | Code XB | 132 kV |
| Hartmoor | Durham | Hartlepool power station | Code 4TH | |
| Hawthorn Pit | ||||
| Hartlepool power station | Hartlepool | Saltholme | Code 4TG | |
| Hartmoor | Code 4TH | |||
| Hawthorne Pit | Durham | Hartmoor | 66 kV | |
| Norton | Code 4TF | |||
| Offerton | ||||
| Hedon | East Yorkshire | Creyke Beck | ||
| Saltend | ||||
| High Marnham | Nottinghamshire | Chesterfield | ||
| Thurcroft-West Melton circuit | ||||
| Hinkley Point | Somerset | Bridgwater | ||
| Hurst | Greater London | New Cross | 132 kV | |
| Littlebrook | ||||
| Iron Acton | South Gloucestershire | Melksham | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Whitson | ||||
| Iver | Buckinghamshire | Watford | 132 kV | |
| Laleham | Code VW | |||
| North Hyde | ||||
| Jordanthorpe | South Yorkshire | Brinsworth | ||
| Pitsmoor | ||||
| Kearsley | Greater Manchester | Whitegate | 132 kV | |
| Kirkby | Merseyside | Washway Farm | 132 kV | |
| Rainhill | ||||
| Kirkstall | West Yorkshire | Elland | ||
| Bradford West | ||||
| Skelton Grange | ||||
| Kitwell | West Midlands | Bishops Wood | ||
| Ocker Hill | ||||
| Oldbury | ||||
| Knaresborough | North Yorkshire | Monk Fryston | ||
| Poppleton | ||||
| Lackenby | Redcar and Cleveland | Tod Point | 66 kV | |
| Laleham | Surrey | Iver | Code VW | 132 kV |
| Ealing | ||||
| West Weybridge | ||||
| Lister Drive | Merseyside | Kirkby | ||
| Birkenhead | ||||
| Littlebrook | Kent | Hurst | Code VN | |
| Macclesfield | Cheshire | Bredbury | ||
| Margam | Neath | Pyle | ||
| Baglan Bay | ||||
| Melksham | Wiltshire | Iron Acton | 132 kV | |
| Mill Hill | Greater London | Elstree | 132 kV | |
| Monk Fryston | North Yorkshire | Ferrybridge | ||
| Poppleton | ||||
| Knaresborough | ||||
| Bradford West | ||||
| Nechells | West Midlands | Hams Hall | ||
| Bustleholm | ||||
| Neepsend | South Yorkshire | Brinsworth | ||
| New Cross | Greater London | Wimbledon | 132 kV, 66 kV | |
| Hurst | ||||
| North Hyde | Greater London | Iver | 66 kV, 11 kV | |
| Norton Lees | South Yorkshire | Pitsmoor | ||
| Sheffield City | ||||
| Jordanthorpe | ||||
| Brinsworth | ||||
| Norton | Stockton | Hawthorn Pit | ||
| Saltholme | ||||
| Ocker Hill | West Midlands | Willenhall | ||
| Berkswell | ||||
| Kitwell | ||||
| Offerton | Tyne and Wear | Hawthorn Pit | ||
| West Boldon | ||||
| Oldbury | West Midlands | Kitwell | ||
| 400 kV from Drakelow | ||||
| Penn | West Midlands | Bustleholm | 132 kV | |
| Feckenham | ||||
| Penwortham | Lancashire | Washway Farm | 132 kV | |
| Pitsmoor | South Yorkshire | Sheffield City | ||
| Wincobank | ||||
| Neepsend | ||||
| Jordanthorpe | ||||
| Templeborough | ||||
| Poppleton | North Yorkshire | Knaresborough | ||
| Monk Fryston | ||||
| Pyle | Swansea | Aberthaw | ||
| Margam | ||||
| Rainhill | Merseyside | Kirkby | 132 kV | |
| Fiddlers Ferry | ||||
| Ratcliffe | Leicestershire | Coventry | 132 kV | |
| Redbridge | Greater London | Tottenham | ||
| Barking | ||||
| Rochdale | Lancashire | 400 kV from Eggborough | ||
| Stalybridge | ||||
| Whitegate | ||||
| Saltend North | East Yorkshire | Saltend South | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Creyke Beck | ||||
| Saltend South | East Yorkshire | Saltend North | ||
| Saltholme | Redcar and Cleveland | Sabic Chemicals | ||
| Hartlepool power station | Code ZZA | |||
| Sellinge | Kent | Sellinge Converter | 270 kV DC to/from France | |
| Sheffield City | Sheffield | Brinsworth | ||
| Neepsend | ||||
| St. John’s Wood | Greater London | Tottenham | ||
| Skelton Grange | Leeds | Ferrybridge | ||
| Kirkstall | ||||
| South Manchester | Greater Manchester | Bredbury | ||
| Daines | ||||
| South Shields | Tyne and Wear | Tynemouth | ||
| West Boldon | ||||
| Spennymoor | Durham | 400 kV? | ||
| Stalybridge | Greater Manchester | 400 kV feed | ||
| Bredbury | ||||
| Rochdale | ||||
| Elland | ||||
| Stella West | Tyne and Wear | Blyth | Code XF | |
| Fourstones | ||||
| Swansea North | Swansea | 400 kV feed | ||
| Baglan Bay | ||||
| Templeborough | South Yorkshire | Brinsworth | ||
| Pitsmoor | ||||
| Thorpe Marsh | South Yorkshire | West Melton | 66 kV | |
| Thurcroft | South Yorkshire | Link from High Marnham–? circuit | 66 kV, 11 kV | |
| Brinsworth | ||||
| Tilbury | Essex | Warley | Code Z3B | |
| Tinsley Park | South Yorkshire | Brinsworth | ||
| Tod Point | Redcar and Cleveland | Greystones | ||
| Hartlepool | ||||
| Tottenham | Greater London | Brimsdown | ||
| St. John's Wood | ||||
| Redbridge | ||||
| Hackney | ||||
| Trawsfynydd | Gwynedd | Ffestiniog | ||
| Tremorfa | Cardiff | Aberthaw | ||
| Whitson | ||||
| Tynemouth | Tyne and Wear | West Boldon | ||
| Blyth | ||||
| Upper Boat | Rhondda | Cilfynnyd | 132 kV | |
| Aberthaw | ||||
| Uskmouth | Newport | Whitson | ||
| Alpha Steel | ||||
| Waltham Cross | Hertfordshire | Warley | ||
| Brimsdown | ||||
| Elstree | ||||
| Warley | Essex | Tilbury | Code Z3B | 132 kV |
| Waltham Cross | ||||
| Washway Farm | Lancashire | Penwortham | 132 kV | |
| Kirkby | ||||
| Watford | Hertfordshire | Elstree | 132 kV | |
| Iver | ||||
| West Boldon | Tyne and Wear | Offerton | 66 kV | |
| Tynemouth | ||||
| West Melton | South Yorkshire | Thorpe Marsh | ||
| Thurcroft | ||||
| West Weybridge | Surrey | Laleham | 132 kV | |
| Chessington | Code ZM | |||
| Whitegate | Greater Manchester | Kearsley | 132 kV | |
| Rochdale | ||||
| Whitson | Newport | Iron Acton | ||
| Uskmouth | ||||
| Cardiff East | ||||
| Tremorfa | ||||
| Wincobank | South Yorkshire | Pitsmoor | ||
| Templeborough | ||||
| Willenhall | West Midlands | Bushbury | ||
| Ocker Hill | ||||
| Willesden | Greater London | Ealing | 132 kV, 66 kV | |
| Willington | Derbyshire | 400 kV feed | ||
| Wilton | Redcar and Cleveland | Feed from Wilton power stations | ||
| Wimbledon | Greater London | Beddington | 132 kV | |
| New Cross |
Scotland[edit]
400 kV substations[edit]
The 400 kV substations in Scotland and their interconnections are given in the following table. The identification codes for the interconnecting lines and the lower voltage transmission, if any, from the substation are also given.[8][10][11][12][13]
There are two interconnections between England and Scotland. On the west coast the 400 kV overland line between Harker substation in Cumbria and Gretna substation, Dumfries and Galloway. On the east coast the 400 kV line between Stella West substation, Tyne and Wear and Eccles substation, Borders.
In addition the 600 kV DC Western HVDC underground and sub-marine link connects Flintshire Bridge Converter station, in Flintshire Wales, to the Western HVDC Converter station near Hunterston.[11]
| Substation name | Location Council/Unitary Authority | Connection to other 400 kV substation(s): | Remarks | Lower voltage transmission from substation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beauly | Highland | Fort Augustus | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Branxton | East Lothian | Torness | ||
| Coalburn | South Lanarkshire | Strathaven | ||
| Elvanfoot | ||||
| Cockenzie | East Lothian | Eccles | 275 kV | |
| Crystal Rig wind farm | East Lothian | On Torness–Smeaton circuits | ||
| Denny North | Falkirk | Fort Augustus | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Devol Moor | Inverclyde | Inverkip | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Eccles | Borders | Stella West (England) | 132 kV, 33 kV | |
| Torness | ||||
| Cockenzie | ||||
| Elvanfoot | South Lanarkshire | Moffat | 275 kV | |
| Coalburn | ||||
| Elvanfoot North | South Lanarkshire | |||
| Fallago Rig wind farm | East Lothian | On Torness–Smeaton circuits | ||
| Fort Augustus | Highland | Beauly | 275 kV, 132 kV | |
| Denny | ||||
| Gretna | Dumfries and Galloway | Harker (England) | 132 kV | |
| Moffat | ||||
| Hunterston Power station | North Ayrshire | Hunterston North & East | 400 kV | |
| Hunterston Western HVDC Converter (600 kV DC) | Flintshire Bridge Converter (Wales) | |||
| Hunterston North | Neilston/Windyhill | |||
| Hunterston East | Neilston | |||
| Inverkip | Inverclyde | Devol Moor | ||
| Link on Neilston–Windy Hill circuit | ||||
| Neilston | ||||
| Kilmarnock South | East Ayrshire | Neilston | 275 kV | |
| Strathven | ||||
| Melgarve | Highland | Link on Fort Augustus–Denny circuit | 275 kV | |
| Moffat | Dumfries | Gretna | ||
| Elvanfoot | ||||
| Neilston | Renfrewshire | Kilmarnock South | 275 kV,132 kV | |
| Hunterston | ||||
| Inverkip | ||||
| Windyhill | ||||
| Smeaton | East Lothian | Torness | 275 kV | |
| Wishaw | ||||
| Strathaven | South Lanarkshire | Kilmarnock South | 275 kV | |
| Wishaw | ||||
| Coalburn | ||||
| Torness | East Lothian | Smeaton | ||
| Eccles | ||||
| Windyhill | West Dunbarton | Neilston | 275 kV,132 kV | |
| Wishaw | North Lanarkshire | Strathaven | 275 kV | |
| Smeaton |
275 kV substations[edit]
The 275 kV substations in Scotland and their interconnections are given in the following table. The identification codes for the interconnecting lines and the lower voltage transmission, if any, from the substation are also given.[8][10][11][12][13]
The Moyle Interconnector provides a high-voltage link between the Scotland and Northern Ireland 275 kV systems.
| Substation name | Location council/unitary authority | Connection to other 275 kV substation(s): | Remarks | Lower voltage transmission from substation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auchencrosh Static Inverter Plant | South Ayrshire | Mark Hill | ||
| Moyle Interconnector North and South | 250 kV DC to Northern Ireland | |||
| Ayr | South Ayrshiire | Link from Coylton-Kilmarnock Town circuits | ||
| Beauly | Highland | Feed from 400 kV | 132 kV | |
| Fasnakyle | ||||
| Fyrish | ||||
| Knocknagael | ||||
| Blackhillock | Moray | Knocknagael | ||
| Keith | ||||
| Kintore | ||||
| 400 kV feed from Spittal | ||||
| Busby | East Renfewshire | Neilston | ||
| Giffnock | ||||
| Strathaven | ||||
| Clyde North | South Lanarkshire | Elvanfoot 400 kV | ||
| Clyde South | South Lanarkshire | Elvanfoot 400 kV | ||
| Clyde's Mill | Glasgow | 400 kV feed from Strathaven | ||
| Easterhouse | ||||
| Longannet | ||||
| Dalmaarnock/Charlotte Street | ||||
| East Kilbride | ||||
| Coatbridge | North Lanarkshire | Newarthill | ||
| Cockenzie | East Lothian | 400 kV feed from Eccles | ||
| Smeaton | ||||
| Kaimes | ||||
| Coylton | South Ayrshire | Kilmarnock Town | 132 kV | |
| New Cumnock | ||||
| Cruachan | Argyll and Bute | Dalmally | ||
| Currie | Edinburgh | Grangemouth | 132 kV (Sighthill) | |
| Kincardine | ||||
| Kaimes | ||||
| Sighthill | ||||
| Dalmally | Argyll and Bute | Windyhill | ||
| Inverarnan | ||||
| Cruachan | ||||
| Denny | Falkirk | 400 kV feed from Melgrave | 132 kV | |
| Longannet | ||||
| Bonnybridge | ||||
| Lambhill | ||||
| Tummel | ||||
| Dounreay | Highland | Thurso South | 132 kV | |
| Loch Buidhe | ||||
| Easterhouse | Glasgow | Longannet | ||
| Clyde's Mill | ||||
| Newarthill | ||||
| East Kilbride South | South Lanarkshire | Strathaven | ||
| Neilston | ||||
| Whitelee | ||||
| Whitelee Extension | ||||
| Fasnakyle | Highland | Beauly | ||
| Fork Augustus | ||||
| Fetteresso | Aberdeenshire | Kintore | 132 kV | |
| Tealing | ||||
| Kincardine | ||||
| Fort Augustus | Highland | Fasnakyle | 132 kV | |
| Tummel | ||||
| Foyers | Highland | Knocknagael | ||
| Fyrish | Highland | Loch Buidhe | 132 kV | |
| Beauly | ||||
| Glenrothes | Fife | Tealing | ||
| Westfield | ||||
| Grangemouth | Falkirk | Kincardine | 132 kV | |
| Currie | ||||
| Inverarnan | Stirling | Windyhill | 132 kV | |
| Dalmally | ||||
| Kaimes | Edinburgh | Currie | ||
| Dewar | ||||
| Cockenzie | ||||
| Smeaton | ||||
| Kilmarnock Town | East Ayrshire | Colyton | 132 kV | |
| Feed from 400 kV Kilmarnock South | ||||
| Kincardine | Fife | Fetteresso | ||
| Tealing | ||||
| Grangemouth | ||||
| Currie | ||||
| Longannet | ||||
| Kintore | Aberdeenshire | 400 kV feed from Blackhillock | 132 kV | |
| Blackhillock | ||||
| Fetteresso | ||||
| Tealing | ||||
| Peterhead | ||||
| Persley | ||||
| Knocknagael | Highland | Beauly | 132 kV | |
| Foyers | ||||
| Tomatin | ||||
| Blackhillock | ||||
| Lambhill | Glasgow | Denny | ||
| Windyhill | ||||
| Port Dundas | 132kV | |||
| West George Street | ||||
| Loch Buidhe | Highland | Dounreay | 132 kV | |
| Fyrish | ||||
| Longannet | Fife | Westfield | ||
| Mossmorran | ||||
| Easterhouse | ||||
| Kincardine | ||||
| Bonnybridge | ||||
| Denny | ||||
| Clyde's Mill | ||||
| Mark Hill | South Ayrshire | Auchencrosh | 132 kV | |
| Kilgallioch | ||||
| Coylton | ||||
| Neilston | East Renfewshire | 400 kV feed from Hunterston East | 132 kV | |
| East Kilbride South | ||||
| Busby | ||||
| Windyhill | ||||
| Newarthill | North Lanarkshire | 400 kV feed from Wishaw | ||
| Easterhouse | ||||
| Coatbridge | ||||
| New Cumnock | East Ayrshire | Coylton | 132 kV | |
| Persley | Aberdeen | Peterhead | 132 kV | |
| Kintore | ||||
| Peterhead | Aberdeenshire | Blackhillock | 132 kV | |
| Persley | ||||
| Kintore | ||||
| Smeaton | Fife | 400 kV feed from Fallago | ||
| Cockenzie | ||||
| Kaimes | ||||
| Portobello | 132 kV | |||
| Shrubhill | 132 kV | |||
| Spittal | Highland | Thurso South | 132 kV | |
| Tealing | Angus | Kintore | 132 kV | |
| Kincardine | ||||
| Fetteresso | ||||
| Glenrothes | ||||
| Westfield | ||||
| Thurso South | Highland | Dounreay | 132 kV | |
| Spittal | ||||
| Tomatin | Highland | Knocknagael | 132 kV | |
| Tummel | Perthshire | Fort Augustus | 132 kV | |
| Denny | ||||
| Westfield | Fife | Glenrothes | 132 kV | |
| Mossmorran | ||||
| Tealing | ||||
| Longannet | ||||
| Whitelee | Borders | East Kilbride South | ||
| Whitelee Extension | Borders | East Kilbride South | ||
| Windyhill | West Dunbartonshire | Neilston | 132 kV | |
| Lambhill | ||||
| Dalmally | ||||
| Inverarnan | ||||
| Drumchapel | 132 kV |
Northern Ireland[edit]
275 kV substations[edit]
There are no 400 kV systems in Northern Ireland; the highest transmission voltage is 275 kV. The substations and their interconnections are given in the table. The lower voltage (generally 110 kV) transmission from the substation is also given.[11][15]
| Substation name | Location County/Borough | Connection to other 275 kV substation(s): | Remarks | Lower voltage transmission from substation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ballycronan More HVDC Inverter | Antrim | Moyle Interconnector North and South | 250 kV DC from Scotland | |
| Ballylumford | ||||
| Hannahstown | ||||
| Ballylumford power station | Antrim | Kells | 110 kV | |
| Ballycronan More | ||||
| Castlereagh | Lisburn and Castlereagh City | Tandragee | 110 kV | |
| Ballycronan More | ||||
| Hannahstown | Antrim | Castlereagh | ||
| Magherafelt | ||||
| Kells | Antrim | Ballylumford | 110 kV | |
| Kilroot | ||||
| Kells | ||||
| Kilroot power station | Antrim | Tandragee – Castlereagh circuits | 110 kV, 33 kV | |
| Magherafelt | ||||
| Lisahally power station | Derry | Tamnamore | 110 kV | |
| Magherafelt | Londonderry | Kells | ||
| Lisahally power station | ||||
| Tandragee | ||||
| Tamnamore | Tyrone | Magherafelt | 110 kV | |
| Castlereagh | ||||
| Tandragee | Armagh | Louth (Republic of Ireland) | Interconnector | 110 kV |
| Tamnamore | ||||
| Castlereagh |
See also[edit]
- National Grid (Great Britain)
- Northern Ireland Electricity
- List of power stations in England
- List of power stations in Scotland
- List of power stations in Wales
- List of power stations in Northern Ireland
- List of EHV-substations in Austria
- List of EHV-substations in Switzerland
- List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
- ^ Hannah, Leslie (1979). Electricity before Nationalisation. London: Macmillan. pp. 106–130. ISBN 0333220862.
- ^ a b c d e f Sheail, John (1991). Power in Trust: The Environmental History of the Central Electricity Generating Board. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 104, 129–30. ISBN 0198546734.
- ^ a b c d e Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom: a Chronology. London: Electricity Council. 1987. pp. 49, 89–90, 107, 108. ISBN 085188105X.
- ^ Hannah, Leslie (1982). Engineers, Managers and Politicians. London: Macmillan. p. 253. ISBN 0333220870.
- ^ CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1972. London: Central Electricity Generating Board. 1972. pp. 25–27.
- ^ a b Handbook of Electricity Supply Statistics 1979. London: Electricity Council. 1980. pp. 14, 95. ISBN 0851880762.
- ^ Handbook of Electricity Supply Statistics. London: Electricity Council. 1990. p. 11. ISBN 085188122X.
- ^ a b c d e "National Grid capacity map". National Grid. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Northern Ireland Electricity Networks". Northern Ireland Electricity Networks. 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d "National Grid - Route Maps". National Grid. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Electricity Ten Year Statement Appendix A System Schematic". National Grid. 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d National Grid (2014). "GB Power Flow Diagram". National Grid. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ Harvey, Dan (April 2020). "Class 345s to Heathrow". Modern Railways. 77 (859): 92.
- ^ "Northern Ireland capacity map". Northern Ireland Electricity. Retrieved 17 March 2020.