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Jasmine

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This article is about the plant genus. For the given name, see Jasmine (given name). For other uses, see Jasmine (disambiguation).

Jasmine
Jasminum officinale, common jasmine
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Jasmineae
Genus: Jasminum
L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale
Species

More than 200, see List of Jasminum species[1][2][3]

Synonyms[4]
  • Jacksonia hort. ex Schltdl
  • Jasminium Dumort.
  • Menodora Humb. & Bonpl.
  • Mogorium Juss.
  • Noldeanthus Knobl.
Common jasmine

Jasmine (taxonomic name: Jasminum; /ˈjæsmɪnəm/, YASS-min-əm[5]) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "jasmine").

Description

See also: Glossary of botanical terms

Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe. The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).[6]

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia and Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[7][8][9] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[10]

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.[6][11]

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[12][13] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as White Jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[14]

Taxonomy

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[6] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[4]

Etymology

The name yāsamin (یاسمن‎) is derived from the Middle Persian word yāsaman. After the Muslim conquest of Persia it was borrowed as yāsamīn (يَاسَمِين) in Arabic. Through Arabic the name entered Ottoman Turkish and then to Middle French around 1570.[15][16] The word was first used in English in the 16th century.[16]

Species

Main article: List of Jasminum species

Species include:[17]

  • Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
    Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
  • A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.
    A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.
  • Jasmine buds
    Jasmine buds
  • Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
    Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
  • Jasmine flowers
    Jasmine flowers

Cultivation and uses

Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as a houseplant, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in South Asia and southeast Asia.

Jasmine tea

Green tea with jasmine flowers

Jasmine tea is traditionally consumed in China, where it is called Jasmine-flower tea (茉莉花茶; pinyin: mò lì huā chá). Jasminum sambac flowers are used to make jasmine tea, which often has a base of green tea or white tea, but sometimes an Oolong base is used. Tea leaves and jasmine flowers are put in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes about four hours for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavor of the jasmine blossoms. For the highest grades of jasmine tea, this process may be repeated up to seven times. As the tea absorbs moisture from the fresh Jasmine flowers, it must be refired to prevent spoilage. The used flowers may be removed from the final product, as the flowers contain no more aroma. Giant fans are used to blow away and remove the petals from the denser tea leaves.

In Okinawa, Japan, Jasmine tea is known as sanpin cha.

Jasmonates

Main article: Jasmonate

Jasmine gave name to the jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[18] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[19]

Plantation

Jasmine plantation is usually done using the stem of an existing plant, or one having roots. On rare occasions, the flowers bear dark purple fruits with seeds. The seeds will germinate when sowed and nurtured properly. The flowering shrubs are usually trimmed pre-summer, as fresh branches grow and bear flowers during the summer.

Cultural importance

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[20] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[21] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[22] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[23][24] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.[25]

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

  • surface of Jasmine tea
    surface of Jasmine tea
  • The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
    The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
  • Jasmine used as garland
    Jasmine used as garland
  • Jasmine flower blooming
    Jasmine flower blooming

Symbolism

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

Other plants called "jasmine"

References

  1. ^ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  2. ^ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names. 15: 307. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  3. ^ UniProt. "Jasminum". Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  4. ^ a b USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  6. ^ a b c A.K. Singh (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
  7. ^ C.C. Townsend and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
  8. ^ Ernst Schmidt; Mervyn Lötter; Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
  9. ^ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
  10. ^ H. Panda (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.
  11. ^ "Jasminum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  12. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Jasminum fluminense​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  13. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Jasminum dichotomum​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  14. ^ "Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum". Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
  15. ^ "Definition of Jasmine". Merriam-Webster. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  16. ^ a b "Jasmine". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  17. ^ GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  18. ^ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta. 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
  19. ^ Sharma, M; Laxmi, A (2016). "Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1129. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. PMC 4701901. PMID 26779205.
  20. ^ "What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower?". Earth.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  21. ^ August 8; Comments, 2018 | Micaela Nerguizian |. "Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding". Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 2022-04-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club". www.gardenloversclub.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  23. ^ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in French). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  24. ^ "La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in French). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  25. ^ Kim, Elvis H (September 2021). "Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age". International Area Studies Review. 24 (3): 205–223. doi:10.1177/22338659211026006. ISSN 2233-8659. S2CID 237434616.
  26. ^ Anabel Bachour (23 February 2017). "Damascus, the City of Jasmine". Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  27. ^ Hitt, Christine (1 May 2018). "7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  28. ^ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Akhtar, Moin (26 October 2020). "Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird". ILM.com.pk. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  30. ^ "Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita". National Museum of the Philippines. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  31. ^ "Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers". Gardening Tips | Flower Wiki. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2019-04-25.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jasminum.
Wikispecies has information related to Jasmine.
Look up Jasmine or Jasminum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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