Kirby Company

Coordinates: 41°28′44″N 81°46′07″W / 41.4788033°N 81.7687082°W / 41.4788033; -81.7687082
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This article is about the vacuum maker. For the maritime company, see Kirby Corporation.

41°28′44″N 81°46′07″W / 41.4788033°N 81.7687082°W / 41.4788033; -81.7687082

Kirby Company
Company typeDivision
IndustryConsumer products
Founded1914; 110 years ago (1914)
(as Scott Fetzer Company)
1935; 89 years ago (1935)
(as Kirby Company)
Headquarters
Cleveland, Ohio and Andrews, Texas
,
United States
ProductsHousekeeping
ParentThe Scott Fetzer Company
(Berkshire Hathaway)
Websitewww.kirby.com

The Kirby Company is a manufacturer of vacuum cleaners and home cleaning accessories, based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is a division of The Scott Fetzer Company (also known as Scott & Fetzer) which in turn is part of Berkshire Hathaway. Dealers are located in over 50 countries throughout the world. Kirby's products are only sold via in-home door-to-door demonstrations[1] and the company is a member of the Direct Selling Association. All of the vacuum cleaners are built in either Ohio or Texas.

History

Kirby Sentria Chrome Edition
Kirby Sentria Chrome Edition

The first Kirby vacuums were designed by James B. Kirby (1885–1971) for George Scott and Carl Fetzer after World War I, although the Kirby name was not used on a vacuum cleaner until the 1930s.[2] James Kirby invented the "vacuette" circa 1920, and their primary competitors were The Hoover Company and The Eureka Company which both began operations in 1909, and Bissell who originally built carpet sweepers beginning in 1876. Their primary European competitor was Electrolux in 1924, while Dyson, Miele and Sebo followed in the 1980s.[3]

The Vacuette Electric, introduced in 1925 with its removable floor nozzle and handle, became the forerunner of today's multi-attachment Kirby vacuum models. In 1935, the company introduced the Kirby Model C, the first product to carry Jim Kirby's name.[4] The Vacuette was also briefly offered as a manual vacuum cleaner, utilizing a spring-loaded worm gear driven by pulling the vacuum cleaner backwards, then when pushing the machine forward, the worm gear would power a turbine that provided the suction needed. As long as the cleaner was consistently pulled backwards, tension in the spring would remain constant and the turbine would continue spinning. It was designed for rural areas that didn't have electricity, and was very similar to the carpet sweeper.

While competitors have changed the orientation of the motor, their products' appearance, materials used in construction and other features over the years, Kirby has remained with the original design, materials and functionality with enhancements added to aid in its operation and durability. The company changes the appearance with revised color schemes and introduces new model names while keeping the core technology intact. Used machines are widely available for sale internationally, and because the attachments, and appearance items are interchangeable within the generations, some machines can be found consisting of parts from multiple models.[5] Machines built in the 1930s, 40s, 50s and 60s are still in operation worldwide and can be completely repaired or rebuilt with widely available parts from the factory.

In the 1930s and the 1940s, Kirby decided to offer their products in retail environments, and introduced the "R" series. They are essentially identical to their "C" series, with the only difference being the power switch installed on the handle. The first model was the R, followed by the 2R, 3R and 4R. In 1970, input from Kirby distributors, dealers, management and customers guided Kirby engineers in developing the Kirby Classic. This ushered in the second generation models, and was an instant success, with soaring sales, allowing the company to expand its manufacturing facilities outside of Cleveland for the first time, which coincided with the rising popularity of wall-to-wall custom installed carpet. In 1972, Kirby West began operations in Andrews, Texas at 1345 NW 101 Street (also known as North Seminole Highway), which doubled the company's manufacturing capacity.[4] The company did maintain a presence in Canada at 1009 Burns Street East in Whitby which is no longer staffed.

Berkshire Hathaway bought Kirby parent Scott Fetzer in 1986 for $315 million.[3] Two years prior, Ivan Boesky had offered to buy Scott Fetzer for $60 a share, or $420 million.[6] Warren Buffett has singled out Scott Fetzer to Berkshire's shareholders as the "prototype" for the "kind of company — and acquisition — he was interested in."[7] According to Berkshire managers, "absolutely no changes were made to the existing Scott Fetzer business or management, and the entire business (and its jet) was preserved."[8]

As of 2003, Kirby is the largest source of revenue and profit for Scott Fetzer, with approximately 500,000 sales per year, about a third of which are outside the United States.[9] In 2003, Scott Fetzer sold the vacuums to about 835 factory distributors, who in turn sell the vacuums door-to-door.[9] As an incentive to new customers, Kirby offers the Service Center Vacuum Rebuild Program for original owners who have been registered with the company. As long as the customer owns the machine as the registered owner, if the cleaner needs repair, they can send it back to the Rebuild Department and have it restored to “like new” condition. The company will completely disassemble it, repair or replace any worn Kirby parts, and sandblast, polish and buff metal parts back to a shiny “new” appearance. Internal components are also thoroughly inspected and repaired with Kirby replacement parts so that it will perform as originally designed. This is an advantage to the company as they can evaluate their products durability from actual use and make revisions on future models.[10]

Kirby unit models

A Kirby G5 vacuum cleaner

The Kirby Company generally produces only one model at a time. Kirby's vacuums made until 1919 were made by Frantz Premier. Those made from 1919 to 1934 are branded and made by The Scott & Fetzer Company. After 1934 all machines have been made by Scott & Fetzer, though branded as Kirby.

From 1935 through today, continuous improvements and refinements are made to the Kirby home care system. One of the popular selling points is that it can be easily configured into a canister vacuum, hand portable vacuum, air compressor, floor buffer, and more. It can also be converted into a shampoo system for carpets and a sweeping, dusting, and mopping system for bare floors. [11][4] The characteristic chrome appearance is due to the bulk of the machine is assembled from aluminum, a tradition going back to the very early days of manufacture when plastic was a novelty and aluminum was more plentiful.

One of the key procedures for using a Kirby Vacuum is the correct way to adjust the carpet nozzle for the best possible results. Starting with the 1939 Model 2C to the most current machine, the instruction manual states that the carpet nozzle should be gradually lowered into position with the Toe-Touch latch[5], incrementally adjusting the rug nozzle until the rotating brush bar establishes contact, and the sound of the motor changes indicating suction has been achieved. Starting with the 1945 Model 505, adjusting the carpet nozzle employs what Kirby calls "Triple Cushioned Vibration Rug Cleaning Action".[5] This characteristic which is still implemented on current models, involves briefly lifting the carpet up off the floor with the significant suction created by the motor, thereby cushioning the area to be cleaned off of the floor, while the rotating brush bar separates the carpet fibers, thereby removing the embedded dirt and rejuvenating the carpet pile. One of the most common complaints about Kirbys is that they're heavy. The image of the machine made from metal adds to that reputation. The difficulty to push the machine is largely due to the suction created that makes it difficult to maneuver, especially in deep pile carpets and not necessarily the materials used in manufacture.

Beginning in the 1990s, the Generation series ushered in a new platform for the cleaner. The addition of TechDrive variable power assist eliminated 90% of the effort required to move the unit back and forth.[4] The current model, the Avalir, continues the tradition that converts the vacuum into several different units beginning with the Model 508 in 1948. With the introduction of the 1945 Model 505, the handle could be removed and the machine converted to a portable unit with a shoulder strap so that cleaning in difficult areas could be performed, and the machine converted into a canister-type cleaner with a long hose attached to the front for dusting tasks. With most vacuum cleaner models, the rubber drive belt that powers the brush bar, an integral component with most modern machines, remains in place and is only examined when it breaks. Vacuum attachments are available on other machines but don't require the drive belt to be disconnected and the carpet nozzle with the rotating brush bar removed. Kirby attachments are connected to the power unit in place of the carpet nozzle, and disconnecting the drive belt is involved in the process that adds to its flexibility.[5]

Earlier methods instructed that the carpet nozzle must maintain contact with the surface of the carpet, utilizing the suction, while later instruction manuals recommended the nozzle be slightly above with only the brush establishing contact and improving airflow around the surface being cleaned. For delicate surfaces, the drive belt that spins the brush bar can be detached so that only suction is used. In 1970 with the introduction of the Classic, a small plastic window was installed in the belt lifter handle so the belt could be visually inspected as being intact and installed on the turbine driveshaft. When the Heritage II was introduced in 1987, Kirby revised the carpet nozzle by making it slimmer, and the new Brush Performance Indicator Light was installed in the top of the carpet nozzle. This device consisted of a coiled copper wire wrapped around a magnet, with additional magnets installed in the rotating vibrating brush that created an electrical charge. A small LED bulb would then light up when the brush bar was spinning; if the light appeared to blink or wasn't illuminated, it meant the brush bar wasn't rotating at the desired speed, and that the nozzle needed to be adjusted up or signifying that an inspection of the drive belt was needed. This feature replaced the earlier plastic window on the belt lifter handle. In 1984 with the Heritage II model, the Toe-Touch latch was modified with a custom adjustment feature called "Micro Matic", which facilitated the ability to incrementally adjust the preset height positions, allowing for the carpet nozzle to clean glued down, minimal pile carpets. The feature was no longer offered with the Generation 3 model introduction.

Collection and disposal of the dirt has also changed over the years, but one component has remained, called the "Sani-Em-Tor".[5] This is a component attached to the discharge tube leading away from the vacuum turbine chamber where the suction is created, where dirt collected and heavier objects were deposited, and a lid could be removed from the bottom and the dirt disposed. A cloth bag that allowed airflow to pass through and clean the air was attached at the top of the "Sani-Em-Tor". Earlier versions of the cloth bag used a dense duvetyne, and later corduroy cotton and wool fabric bags where fine grit, dander and other foreign contaminants collected. The cotton bag also has an integrated cleaning pocket within, called the Sani-Pocket introduced in 1964 with the Sanitronic, where embedded dirt could be dislodged from the interior surface of the bag while keeping the dirt contained inside. Starting in the 1960s, the cloth or wool fabric bag was impregnated with a fungus controlling substance Kirby called "KGF-40", which consisted of small amounts of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, and zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, with most of the substance being "inert ingredients".[12] Later the chemical was offered in a 12oz bottle called "Germicide Deodorant" which could be sprayed on various surfaces with the Suds-O-Gun as a fungicide.

The owners manual for the cloth bag equipped machines recommended that the cloth bag be emptied after cleaning had been finished, to avoid dirt, fungus and bacteria from setting in the fibers of the bag, and preparing the machine for the next time. The cloth bag can be laundered periodically, if necessary. Starting with the Tradition model, an internal, disposable paper bag was introduced optionally in addition to the cotton cloth bag, so that customers could decide which method they preferred. The disposable paper bag provided a protective barrier against the interior surface of the cloth bag, and offered the convenience of storing the cleaner when finished, and not requiring that the bag be emptied every time. When the Heritage II was introduced in 1984, the only method of dirt collection was the disposable paper bag, and the "Sani-Em-Tor" became the "Mini-Em-Tor" which no longer used a removable lid on the bottom but still trapped larger, heavier objects. In 1993, the disposable paper bags filtration effectiveness was upgraded, and was labeled "Micron Magic" with the Model G4, which can trap particles larger than three microns, while the cotton cloth bag traps any remaining particles that pass through.[5] Starting with the Ultimate G Diamond Edition, the disposable paper bag was upgraded to HEPA standards.

Versatility and convenience has been a longstanding tradition with the company, that being the ability to configure the machine for various tasks. The attachments available have come and gone over the years, but some of the more popular ones remain available today. A floor buffer attachment and bare floor dusting pad were introduced with the Model 2C, along with a hand-held, paint spray gun and upholstery shampoo dispenser called the Suds-O-Gun, powered by attaching the hose to the turbine discharge tube have remained. A carpet shampoo attachment, called the Rug Renovator appeared with the Dual Sanitronic 50 in 1965, which uses a dry foam method to scrub the shampoo into the carpet. With the introduction of the Avalir, the Rug Renovator was modified to function as a floor scrubber, cleaning hard floors, scrubbing tile and grout, or polishing hard surfaces, using specialized brushes for each task.[5] One of its earliest available tasks is being able to vacuum mattresses, couches and carpeted stairs by replacing the elongated handle and converting the machine to a portable, hand-held cleaner while still using the carpet nozzle. With the introduction of the Classic in 1970 the handle was installed with an unusual feature; a small object depository integrated into the back of the handle as a precaution to keep the cleaner from unnecessarily picking up coins, paperclips and other metallic items that could damage the turbine fan, which was no longer offered when the Sentria was introduced in 2007. The plastic backing could be easily detached and items placed inside could be removed. It wasn't mentioned in the owners manual from 1970 until the feature was discontinued in 2007.

Another unusual attachment, called the Handi-Butler introduced with the 1950 Model 510, used the turbine shaft at the front to power several devices, offered as convenience features that could sharpen knives, a cable could also be attached to a wire brush to remove rust from various surfaces, along with a lambs wool polishing disk, and a flannel buffing pad for more delicate tasks. The Handi-Butler was last offered with the Tradition model, and was replaced by the Turbo Sander with the Legend model.[5] The Turbo Sander was equipped with a small turbine inside the device, powered by the suction through the attachment hose, which can accommodate various grades of sand paper, scrubbing pads, and a soft, vinyl pad to be used as a massage unit that is still currently available.

During the mid-1970s, with the popularity of deep shag carpeting, a rake attachment called the Shag King,[5] was attached in front of the carpet nozzle to lift and align the nap while cleaning the carpet, offered only on the Classic Omega, Classic III and the Tradition models. Another original attachment offered with the Model 2C, called the Crystalator, could be used to fumigate closets for insects and moths using mothballs, which was no longer available with the Legend model in the late 1980s.

In 1982, with the introduction of the Heritage model, the Turbo Brush was introduced, which consisted of a smaller version of the Rug Nozzle and a belt-driven rotating brush bar, but it had a small turbine within powered by the suction of the power unit to spin the brush, designed to make vacuuming carpeted stairs easier and removing embedded hair from upholstery and automobile interiors. This was replaced two years later with the Heritage II in 1984 called the ZipBrush, utilizing a rotary brush attached to the turbine in a more compact housing, which is still being offered.

First Generation (1935-1969)

  • Model Names start with the C, followed by the 2C, 3C, 4C, 505 (introduction of Magic Finger Belt Lifter for Carpet Nozzle removal), 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519, 560, 561, 562, Sanitronic VII, Dual Sanitronic 50 (first introduction of two-speed motor for hose attachment and the Carpet Nozzle/Rug Renovator shampoo system), ending with the Dual Sanitronic 80.

Second Generation (1970-1989)

  • Model Names start with the Classic, followed with the Classic Omega, Classic III, Tradition (first introduction of disposable dust bag), Heritage (Including the Heritage 84 model), Heritage II (first introduction of the "MiniEmptor" Bag boot assembly), Heritage II Legend Edition, ending with the Legend II.

Third Generation (1990-present)

  • Model Names start with the Generation 3 (first introduction of TechDrive Power Assist), followed with the G4 (first introduction of Micron Magic Filtration), G5 (first introduction of the newer/more modern styling), Gsix (first introduction of Micron Magic HEPA Filtration), G2000, G2001, Ultimate G, Ultimate G Diamond Edition (introduction of the 2-Speed Switch), Sentria (No 2-Speed switch), Sentria II, and the currently available Avalir.

Other units

Kirby ventured into small, portable, handheld units by reviving the Vacuette in the 1970s, then later producing the battery powered Split Second for small or light duty cleaning, which are powered by a 12V DC plug that runs in automobile cigarette lighters.

In 1968, parent company Scott & Fetzer acquired American-Lincoln, which also manufactured vacuum cleaners for commercial purposes called the Super Sweep with a 18 in (460 mm) brush roll. After the purchase, Kirby marketed the Janitronic, which was the Sanitronic without a removable carpet nozzle. In the 1980s, they also briefly offered a commercial model called the ComVac in three sizes, called the 1300, 1800 and the 2800. The commercial models were very basic and didn't come with the additional attachments or the shiny chrome appearance. When Scott & Fetzer sold American-Lincoln to McGraw-Edison in 1984, the commercial models were discontinued.[13] In the 1920's, Kirby introduced their only canister vacuum cleaner, called the Aer-Rotor. It was unsuccessful and was pulled from the market a few years later, but the ability to convert the Kirby into a canister is currently available due to its flexibility.

Sales practice

Since 1920, new Kirby home care systems have only been sold through in-home demonstrations by independent, authorized Kirby distributors.[1] The Kirby Company manufactures the unit and sells it to a group of authorized distributors. Each distributor is an independent business, and as such sets their own price for the unit and conducts their own business operations. Independent distributors recruit dealers who are also independent contractors. The dealers sell the unit door-to-door and are generally compensated only through commission.[14]

Criticism of marketing and sales practices

The practices of some of Kirby's independent distributors have been subject to criticism. The Kirby is included by Lon L. Fuller and Melvin A. Eisenberg, Professors of Contract Law at Harvard Law School and UC Berkeley School of Law/Columbia Law School, as a textbook example of unconscionability.[15] Kirby has been subject to relentless criticism by consumer protection agencies.[3] As of 1999, of the 22 state consumer protection agencies, 15 had received a total of more than 600 complaints in just a few years.[3] Between 1996 and 1999, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection received 50 complaints regarding Kirby dealers, and concluded from its investigation that Kirby, through its distributors, engaged in a "statewide pattern of trade practices" violation of state consumer-protection laws.[3]

Many of the complaints involve "older customers who lack the will to stand up to grueling sales pitches."[3] The Wall Street Journal records examples where an elderly couple was unable to remove three Kirby salesmen from their home for over five hours; in another example, a disabled woman who had been living alone in a mobile home on $1000/month in Social Security payments and suffering from Alzheimer's disease was discovered to own two Kirby vacuum cleaners, having paid $1,700 for the second one.[3] In 2002, the Florida Agriculture and Consumer Services Commissioner obtained $13,000 in refunds for 13 senior citizens.[16]

According to the Wall Street Journal, the device "costs more than four times what other top-of-the-line vacuum cleaners do."[3] Kirby compares the price difference to that between luxury and economy cars, yet "luxury-car dealers don't make house calls in trailer parks. But Kirby dealers do."[3] The Kirby vacuum cleaner is "marketed exclusively door-to-door — often to people who can ill afford a $1,500 gadget, but succumb to the sales pitch nonetheless."[3]

In 2001, the West Virginia Attorney General obtained more than $26,000 in refunds and credits for dissatisfied Kirby buyers.[16] In 2002, ABC's Primetime conducted a hidden-camera investigation in response to more than a thousand complaints regarding Kirby's salespeople.[16] In June 2004, the Arizona Attorney General filed suit against Kirby distributors for violations of the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act, seeking an injunction against any other home sales.[16] Public authorities flooded with complaints about Kirby vacuum cleaners is not a recent phenomenon; even in the 1960s and 1970s, Kirby had been "cited by various agencies a number of times" and the Detroit Better Business Bureau had received so many complaints that it decided to turn the matter over to the Wayne County prosecutor.[17]

Kirby asserts it is not liable from actions of its sales force, whom it describes as independent contractors.[3] Its "Distributor Code of Ethics" enumerates 12 principles, including "observe the highest standards of character, honesty and integrity in dealings with my customers, fellow Distributors and other members of the Kirby profession."[3] Kirby also teaches its distributors direct-sales laws, and requires them to resolve complaints within 24 hours under threat of termination.[3]

Litigation

Between 1998 and 2001, in Alabama alone, more than 100 lawsuits were filed against Kirby and its affiliates and subsidiaries, resulting in nearly $2 million in judgements and settlements.[18]

Twelve distributors of Kirby vacuums in Massachusetts were cited for violations of the Commonwealth's wage and hour laws by the Massachusetts Attorney General's Office in July 2010. The 12 distributors were cited for a variety of different wage and hour violations including nonpayment of wage, nonpayment of minimum wage, misclassification, child labor, retaliation and record-keeping violations. The distributors were fined a total of $199,300 for the violations and also ordered to pay restitution.[19]

Sexual assault

The Supreme Court of Texas held Kirby liable for a rape committed by one of its door-to-door salesmen, finding that the manufacturer maintained control of its distributors and their salespeople, by requiring its distributors to make sales via in-home visits, and that the risk was foreseeable.[20] In that case, the court found that — had the employee's references been checked — Kirby would have discovered complaints of inappropriate sexual behavior at his previous employer and an arrest and deferred adjudication for indecency with a child.[21]

The North Dakota Supreme Court also held Kirby liable in a similar rape incident, where the salesman was hired after being convicted of assault and with charges of criminal sexual misconduct in the third degree pending against him.[22][23]

Fraud and RICO

A federal class-action lawsuit is pending against Kirby under the civil action provisions of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), for allegedly selling used vacuums as new; the complaint alleges that "Not only is Kirby aware of this practice, it 'participates in the scheme by, among other things, selling to its distributors duplicate or replacement "Original Purchaser's Registration" cards to be given to secondhand purchasers.'"[24] The complaint also alleges that "Kirby commonly sells distributors new empty boxes and packaging material for the obvious purpose of repackaging units that the distributor previously sold to a prior customer."[25] Kirby's motion to dismiss was rejected.[24] After Kirby refused discovery requests for its sales contracts and other documents, Judge Clay D. Land compelled Kirby to disclose the requested documents.[26]

A class-action lawsuit was also filed against Kirby in Bullock County Court in Alabama over its sales practices, specifically its use of credit cards issued expressly to fund Kirby purchases, under Truth in Lending laws.[3] Kirby succeeded in persuading a trial judge to recuse himself.[27]

Actions against unauthorized dealers

Kirby has sued unauthorized Kirby vacuum dealers for United States trademark infringement where the vacuums are identified by the Kirby name and logo. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has held that such use does not constitute trademark infringement.[28][29] The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated an injunction granted in Kirby's favor by a lower court in that Circuit based on similar trademark claims against an unauthorized distributor.[30]

Kirby also did not prevail in a similar action against an unauthorized dealer in Minnesota, where it asserted trademark infringement, false and unfair competition, and trade disparagement; the authorized dealer prevailed on a $90,000 counterclaim against Kirby for defamation and then in a suit against an insurer who refused to defend the suit when the dealer refused Kirby's settlement offer.[31][32] Kirby's parent lost another such suit in Minnesota based on trademark infringement and other related state law claims.[33]

Nor did Kirby prevail in a tortious interference with contractual relations claim in Washington against an unauthorized retailer; the Washington Supreme Court awarded attorney's fees to the retailer.[34] However, Kirby has prevailed in cases where unauthorized retailers went farther than using the name and logo to identify the vacuum cleaner, misrepresenting themselves as the manufacturer and claiming the existence of factory warranty.[35]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "The Kirby Story". kirby.com.
  2. ^ "Kirby Vacuum Cleaner "500 Series" Details". 1377731.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Joseph P. Cahill, "Here's the Pitch: How Kirby Persuades Uncertain Customers to Buy $1,500 Vacuum,". The Wall Street Journal (October 4, 1999).
  4. ^ a b c d The Scott Fetzer Company, "A History of Quality, Reliability & Performance" (#739807 copyright 2007)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Kirby Instruction and Owner's Manual". Kirby Vacuum Cleanrs. Kirby. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  6. ^ Robert Cole. "Boesky makes bid for Scott & Fetzer" New York Times (April 27, 1984).
  7. ^ Miles, 2003, p. 273.
  8. ^ Miles, 2003, p. 274.
  9. ^ a b Miles, 2003, p. 276.
  10. ^ "Kirby Rebuild Program". Kirby Vacuum Cleaners. The Kirby Company. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  11. ^ Avalir by Kirby copyright 2014 The Scott Fetzer Company 730114.
  12. ^ "Dual Sanitronic 50". Kirby Vacuum Cleaner collection. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  13. ^ "Is there such commercial Kirby called a Janitronic?". Vacuumland. vacuumland.org. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  14. ^ "Kirby Vacuums". Ventura Vacuum. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  15. ^ Lon L. Fuller and Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Basic Contract Law, Eight Edition 80 (2006).
  16. ^ a b c d Greg Dawson, "Kirby Always Cleaning Up After Others," Orlando Sentinel (August 27, 2004).
  17. ^ Sidney Margolius, The innocent investor and the shaky ground floor 117 (1971).
  18. ^ National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Cavins, 226 Fed.Appx. 895 (11th Cir. 2007).
  19. ^ http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=cagopressrelease&L=1&L0=Home&sid=Cago&b=pressrelease&f=2010_07_21_kirby_citation&csid=Cago
  20. ^ Read v. Scott Fetzer Co., 990 S.W.2d 732 (Tex. 2008).
  21. ^ Phillip R. Jones, Jennifer A. Youpa, and Stacey S. Calvert, "Employment and Labor Law," 53 SMU Law Review 929 (2000).
  22. ^ McLean v. Kirby Co., a Div. of Scott Fetzer Co., 490 N.W.2d 229 (N.D. 1992).
  23. ^ Paul S. Swedlund, "Negligent Hiring and Apportionment of Fault between Negligent and Intentional Tortfeasors: A Consideration of Two Unanswered Questions in South Dakota Tort Law," 41 South Dakota Law Review 45 (1995-1996).
  24. ^ a b Jordan v. Scott Fetzer Co., 2007 WL 4287719 (M.D. Ga 2007).
  25. ^ Civil RICO Report, "Customers claim vacuum sales violate RICO" (January 1, 2008).
  26. ^ Jordan v. Scott Fetzer Co., 2009 WL 1885063 (M.D. Ga 2009).
  27. ^ Ex parte Kirby Co., 784 So.2d 290 (Ala. 2000).
  28. ^ Scott Fitzer Co. v. House of Vacuums, Inc., 381 F.3d 477, 478 (5th Cir. 2004).
  29. ^ Phillip B. Philbin and Carmen E. Griffin, "Intellectual Property Law," 58 SMU Law Review 985 (2005).
  30. ^ Scott and Fetzer Co. v. Dile, 643 F.2d 670 (9th Cir. 1981).
  31. ^ Williamson v. North Star Companies, 1997 WL 53029 (Minn. Ct. App. 1997).
  32. ^ Louis J. Speltz and Ann S. Grayson, "Is that your final answer? Are insureds entitled to insurance coverage for trademark infringement?" 23 Hamline Law Review 348 (2000).
  33. ^ Scott Fetzer Co. v. Williamson, 101 F.3d 549 (8th Cir. 1996).
  34. ^ Scott Fetzer Co., Kirby Co. Div. v. Weeks, 786 P.2d 265 (Wash. 1990).
  35. ^ Scott Fetzer Co. v. Gehring, 288 F.Supp.2d 696 (E.D. Pa. 2003).

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirby Company.
  • Miles, Robert P. 2003. The Warren Buffett CEO: Secrets from the Berkshire Hathaway Managers.
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