Kodokushi

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Kodokushi (孤独死) or lonely death refers to a Japanese phenomenon of people dying alone and remaining undiscovered for a long period of time.[1] The phenomenon was first described in the 1980s.[1] Kodokushi has become an increasing problem in Japan, attributed to economic troubles and Japan's increasingly elderly population.[1][2] It is also known as koritsushi (孤立死) – "isolation death", and dokkyoshi (独居死) – "live alone death".

History

Kodokushi was first documented in Japanese newspapers during the 1970's, and studies exploring the phenomenon began as early as 1973, with surveys conducted by the National Social Welfare Council and National Union of Voluntary District Welfare Commissioners.[3] The first instance that became national news in Japan was in 2000 when the corpse of a 69-year-old man was discovered three years after his death; his monthly rent and utilities had been withdrawn automatically from his bank account and only after his savings were depleted was his skeleton discovered at his home. The body had been consumed by maggots and beetles.[4]

Statistics

Statistics regarding kodokushi are often incomplete or inaccurate.[1][5] Japan's public broadcaster NHK reported that 32,000 elderly people nationwide died alone in 2009.[6] The number of kodokushi tripled between 1983 and 1994, with 1,049 lonely deaths reported in Tokyo in 1994.[7] In 2008, there were more than 2,200 reported lonely deaths in Tokyo.[1] Similar numbers were reported in 2011.[8] One private moving company in Osaka reported that 20 percent of the moving company's jobs (300 per year) involved removing the belongings of people who had died lonely deaths.[1] Approximately 4.5% of funerals in 2006 involved instances of kodokushi.[9]

Kodokushi mostly affects men who are 50 or older.[1]

Causes

Several reasons for the increase in kodokushi have been proposed. One proposed reason is increased social isolation. A decreasing proportion of elderly Japanese people are living in multi-generational housing and are instead living alone.[7] Elderly people who live alone are more likely to lack social contacts with family and neighbors, and are therefore more likely to die alone and remain undiscovered.[7]

Economic reasons for kodokushi have also been proposed.[1] Many incidents of kodokushi have involved people who were receiving welfare or had few financial resources.[2][5] McDonald suggests that the "Japanese trait of uncomplaining endurance," or gaman, discourages people in need from seeking help from neighbors and authorities.[5][10] Victims of kodokushi have been described as "slipping through the cracks" between governmental and familial support.[10][6]

Additionally, the economic slump in Japan since 1990 has been cited as contributing to the increase in lonely deaths.[1] Since 1990, many Japanese businessmen have been forced into early retirement.[1] Many of these men have never married and become socially isolated when removed from the corporate culture.[1]

Masaki Ichinose, head of the University of Tokyo's Institute of Death and Life Studies, hypothesizes that the increase in kodokushi is linked to Japan's contemporary culture which ignores death.[1] Several hundred years ago, Japanese people commonly confronted death; for example, bodies were typically buried by family members.[1] In contrast, in modern Japan, there are fewer opportunities to witness death and death is not readily discussed.[1]

Hypothesized psychological reasons for the increase in kodokushi include social apathy and life stress.[11] Social isolation is used as a coping mechanism to avoid stressful situations.[11] Scholars have also analyzed how "contemporary discourse constructs kodokushi as a "bad death" and as evidence for the decay of "traditional" social bonds, such as family, neighborhood and company ties," with government and community initiatives thereby pushing "to implement new welfare systems, often suggesting to re-activate lost family and community bonds".[12]

Responses

Some districts in Japan have begun campaigns and movements to prevent lonely deaths. Officials in Tokyo's Shinjuku Ward have started a kodokushi awareness campaign that includes scheduled social events and checking in on the well-being of elderly citizens.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nobel, Justin (2010-04-06). "Japan: 'Lonely Deaths' Rise Among Unemployed, Elderly". Time. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  2. ^ a b Brasor, Philip (2012-03-04). "Japan's lonely people: Where do they all belong?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  3. ^ Dahl, Nils (2020-01-02). "Governing through kodokushi . Japan's lonely deaths and their impact on community self-government". Contemporary Japan. 32 (1): 83–102. doi:10.1080/18692729.2019.1680512. ISSN 1869-2729. S2CID 211457404.
  4. ^ A Generation in Japan Faces a Lonely Death Norimitsu Onishi, New York Times, November 30, 2017
  5. ^ a b c McDonald, Mark (2012-03-25). "In Japan, Lonely Deaths in Society's Margins". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  6. ^ a b Anne Allison (2013). Precarious Japan. Duke University Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0822377245. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  7. ^ a b c Leng Leng Thang (2001). Generations in Touch: Linking the Old and Young in a Tokyo Neighborhood. Cornell University Press. pp. 177–179. ISBN 0801487323. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  8. ^ Mihaela Robila (2013). Handbook of Family Policies Across the Globe. Springer Science & Business. p. 327. ISBN 978-1461467717. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  9. ^ Hikaru Suzuki (2013). Death and Dying in Contemporary Japan. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0415631907. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  10. ^ a b "3 unnoticed deaths in Saitama show poor slipping through safety net". The Asahi Shimbun. 2012-02-22. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  11. ^ a b "Noida sisters' case: It's 'kodokushi' in Japan!". News. Zeenews.com. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  12. ^ Nils Dahl (2019). "Governing through kodokushi. Japan's lonely deaths and their impact on community self-government". Contemporary Japan. 32 (1): 2. doi:10.1080/18692729.2019.1680512. S2CID 211457404.
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