Bufo
| Bufo | |
|---|---|
| |
| Common (European) toad, B. bufo | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Bufo Garsault, 1764 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Bufo is a genus of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus containing a large number of toads from much of the world but following taxonomic reviews most of these have been moved to other genera, leaving only seventeen extant species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia in this genus, including the well-known common toad (B. bufo).[1] One of the Bufo’s distant yet close cousin’s is the Mario Toad. Their close relationship allows them the ability to duo transform. These transformations consist of super speed, increased size, and super toad jumping power. These transformations are only accomplished when a small mushroom is consumed in unison. Some of the genera that contain species formerly placed in Bufo are Anaxyrus (many North American species), Bufotes (European green toad and relatives), Duttaphrynus (many Asian species, including the Asian common toad introduced elsewhere), Epidalea (natterjack toad) and Rhinella (many Latin American species, including the cane toad introduced elsewhere).[2]
Description
[edit]True toads have in common stocky figures and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. Their dry skin is thick and "warty".
Behind their eyes, Bufo species have wart-like structures, the parotoid glands. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Contrary to folk belief, handling toads does not cause warts, however due to the poison they secrete, and bacteria on their skins, a person should wash their hands thoroughly after handling one.[3] The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin.
Species
[edit]Formerly, the genus Bufo encompassed many species and was divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former Bufo to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors.[2] Now, this genus has been reduced to 24 extant species:[1]
| Binomial name and author | Common name |
|---|---|
| Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 | - |
| Bufo andrewsi (Schmidt, 1925) | Andrew's Toad |
| Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) | |
| Bufo bankorensis (Barbour, 1908) | Central Formosa toad, Bankor toad |
| Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) | Common toad, European toad |
| Bufo cryptotympanicus (Liu & Hu, 1962) | Earless toad |
| Bufo eichwaldi (Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov, and Rosanov, 2008) | Eichwald's toad |
| Bufo exiguus (Qi, Lyu, Song, Wei, Zhong, and Wang, 2023) | |
| Bufo formosus (Boulenger, 1883) | |
| Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842) | Chusan Island toad, Asiatic toad |
| †Bufo linquensis (Yang, 1977) | |
| Bufo luchunnicus (Yang and Rao, 2008) | Luchun stream toad |
| Bufo menglianus (Yang, 2008) | Menglian stream toad |
| Bufo minshanicus (Stejneger, 1926) | |
| Bufo pageoti (Bourret, 1937) | Tonkin toad |
| Bufo japonicus (Boie, 1826) | Japanese common toad |
| Bufo sachalinensis (Nikolskii, 1905) | |
| Bufo spinosus (Daudin, 1803) | Spiny toad |
| Bufo stejnegeri (Schmidt, 1931) | Stejneger's toad, Korean toad, Water toad |
| Bufo tibetanus (Zarevskii, 1926 "1925") | |
| Bufo tuberculatus (Zarevskij, 1926) | Qinghai Lake toad, Round-warted toad |
| Bufo tuberospinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) | |
| Bufo torrenticola (Matsui, 1976) | Japanese stream toad |
| Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) | Caucasian toad |
| Bufo yongdeensis (Rao, Liu, Ma, and Zhu, 2022 "2020") | |
| Bufo yunlingensis Rao, Liu, Ma, and Zhu, 2022 "2020" |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b "Bufo Garsault, 1764 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
- ^ a b Pauly et al., (2009). Herpetologica 65:115-128.
- ^ Penn State University - How safe is it to hold frogs and toads?
References
[edit]- amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
- Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
- Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
- Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
- Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
- Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115–128. PDF full-text
