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Pescadero Creek

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Pescadero Creek is a major stream in Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties in California. At 26.6 miles (42.8 km),[1] it is the longest stream in San Mateo County and flows all year from springs in the Santa Cruz Mountains.[2] Its source is at 1,880 feet (570 m) above sea level on the western edge of Castle Rock State Park, with additional headwaters in Portola Redwoods State Park, and its course traverses Pescadero Creek County Park and San Mateo County Memorial Park before entering Pescadero Marsh Natural Preserve at Pescadero State Beach and thence to the Pacific Ocean 14.4 miles (23 km) south of Half Moon Bay.

History

Pescadero is Spanish for "fishing place". In early Mexican land grants or disueños, John Gilroy stated "The Castros, I and an Indian gave it that name in 1814, being a place where we used to catch salmon."[3] Arroyo del Pescadero appears on the disueños of the 1830s. The 1860s' Coast Survey called it the Pescador River. Spanish-speaking people founded the town of Pescadero, California in 1856.[3]

The pre-European Pescadero watershed was occupied by the Ohlone. The Quirostes controlled the area from Bean Hollow Creek southward to Año Nuevo Creek and inland to Butano Ridge. The Oljon controlled from the lower San Gregorio Creek drainage southward to Bean Hollow Creek, including the lower Pescadero and Butano drainages. The Cotogen held the land in and around Purisima Creek. When the Portolà Expedition traveled on horseback along the immediate coast on October 24, 1769, Padre Juan Crespí wrote, "Only in the watercourses are any trees to be seen; elsewhere we saw nothing but grass, and that was burned." The Ohlone managed the land with the most effective tool they had, fire.[4]

Farmers began building levees and drained small areas of the marsh by the late 1920s. Substantial levee building and conversion of marshlands to agriculture occurred during the 1930s, and continued through the early 1960s. The State began acquiring land in the 1960s. In the early 1960s local farmers used a dragline to remove sediment from Butano Creek channel below Pescadero Bridge for several thousand feet down stream. The sediment removed was used to build a 6,000 foot levee on the west side of Butano Creek. Other levees were built to keep salt water out of agricultural fields. California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) required the dragline practice to stop following the introduction of new fish protection laws in 1963.[5]

The Highway One bridge was rebuilt (1989–90) with fewer supports and closer to the ocean to minimize effects on the stream and lagoon; the original bridge had been built in the early 1940s.

Ecology

Intensive logging and watershed development, also beginning in the late 1920s or early 1930s, has dramatically increased sedimentation in Butano and Pescadero creeks. Both streams are listed under the federal Clean Water Act as impaired water bodies for sediment.[4] Concerns about agricultural pesticide runoff into the marsh prompted a report prepared by DFG. Jong confirmed eutrophic (high nutrient) conditions in the marsh and found that algae blooms raise dissolve oxygen (DO) levels to saturation during the day and deplete levels during night respiration. Jong speculated that the low night DO could result in fish kills. The DFG study found levels of pesticides potentially toxic to fish in the sediment.[5] In the mid-1980s the west bank levee of Butano Creek was breached about 50 feet downstream of Pescadero Road Bridge in order to reduce flood flows down the Butano Creek channel in the marsh. Breeches in other levees of the North Butano Marsh were also made to improve circulation.[5]

Historically, both Pescadero Creek and Butano Creek, as well as several tributary streams, supported runs of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Steelhead are still present, but there have been only sparse reports of coho in the watershed in recent years.[4] Before logging removed much of the dense forest cover of this area in the middle of the 20th century, these streams were shaded, with frequent, stable pools created by fallen trees, bedrock outcrops, and boulders, and an abundant, if not steady, supply of gravel. With cool stream temperatures and reliable flows through the summer, they provided excellent habitat for salmon and trout, and both Pescadero Creek and Butano Creek were renowned sports fishing streams for vacationing San Franciscans in the late 19th century.[4] According to a study by Professor Jerry Smith San Jose State University, estimates in 1985 showed that 10,000 steelhead trout were rearing in the lagoon.[6] As of 2008, 750 steelhead were counted in the same area. With the exception of a few juvenile coho observed in Peters Creek in 1999, salmon have been absent from the watershed until a 2003 release of 17,000 hatchery-raised coho smolts in Pescadero Creek. Very few of these coho have returned to the creek.[4] In spring 2015, biologists discovered three coho salmon (with tags from the nearby Scott Creek hatchery) spawning in Pescadero Creek.[7]

California Golden Beaver (Castor canadensis subauratus) were re-introduced to Pescadero Creek around 1937-1938 by the DFG after near extinction in California in the early twentieth century.[8] The beavers continue to thrive and although concerns about flooding related to beaver dams occurs, there is evidence that beaver in the lower channel in the 1950s reduced sediment movement through the system, especially since the late 1980s.[5] Beaver improve salmonid abundance and size as their beaver ponds recharge the water table which, in turn, replenishes stream flows in the dry season and by providing ideal over-summering habitat.[9][10] Contrary to popular myth, most beaver dams do not pose barriers to trout and salmon migration, although they may be restricted seasonally during periods of low stream flows.[11] An extensive review recently proved that beaver were historically native to all of California except the most arid deserts, including coastal California.[12]

Pescadero Marsh

Located at the confluence of Pescadero and Butano Creeks, the area known as Pescadero Marsh has for decades been a thriving habitat for both migratory and native wildlife. Besides being a refuge and nesting ground for wintering waterfowl, the Marsh ia a critical spawning area and nursery for coho salmon, steelhead trout, tidewater goby, and many other threatened or endangered fish, amphibian, and reptile species. Since 1995, annual fish "die-offs" of hundreds of juvenile fish, crabs, and other species occur in the late fall when the sandbar barrier between the lagoon and the ocean is breached.[5] As water levels fluctuate, many species are cut off from supportive habitat, and the entire eco-system degrades. Since 1998 concerned citizens and other wildlife agencies have repeatedly asked California State Parks to take immediate corrective action. The Parks department has failed to respond and has instead moved to request further studies. Meanwhile, native species populations in the marsh have reached critically low levels.

Steelhead restoration

A federal project to revive the steelhead trout population showed success in 2012, and may be continued in 2013.[13]

Watershed

The Pescadero-Butano watershed is the largest coastal watershed between the Golden Gate and the San Lorenzo River. The watershed's two principal streams, Pescadero Creek and Butano Creek, which have their confluence in Pescadero Marsh, drain 81 square miles (210 km2) of the Santa Cruz Mountains.[4] Peters Creek in Portola Redwoods State Park, Oil Creek, Slate Creek and Butano Creek are the largest of many tributaries of Pescadero Creek.[14]

Tributaries

References

  1. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed March 15, 2011
  2. ^ USGS, 09-20-07
  3. ^ a b Erwin Gustav Gudde (1974). California Place Names. University of California Press. p. C-243.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Environmental Science Associates (2004). Pescadero-Butano Watershed Assessment (Report). Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  5. ^ a b c d e Pescadero Marsh Fish Die-Off Proposed Mitigation Measures (Report). Coastal Alliance for Species Enhancement. Dec 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
  6. ^ Jerry J. Smith (1990). The effects of sandbar formation and inflows on aquatic habitat and fish utilization in Pescadero, San Gregorio, Waddell, and Pomponio Creek estuary/lagoon systems, 1985-1989 (Report). San Jose State University. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  7. ^ "Coho Salmon Return to Pescadero Creek". Peninsula Open Space Trust (POST). 2015-05. Retrieved 2015-06-07. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  8. ^ Arthur L. Hensley (1946). "A Progress Report on Beaver Management in California (see map page 88)" (PDF). California Fish and Game. 32 (2): 88. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  9. ^ "The Importance of Beaver Ponds to Coho Salmon Production in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, USA" (PDF). North American Journal of Fisheries Management: 749–760. 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-28. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems" (PDF). Mammal Review: 248–276. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x. Retrieved 2010-03-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Michael M. Pollock; Morgan Heim; Danielle Werner (2003). "Hydrologic and Geomorphic Effects of Beaver Dams and Their Influence on Fishes" (PDF). American Fisheries Society Symposium. 37. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  12. ^ "The historical range of beaver (Castor canadensis) in coastal California: an updated review of the evidence". California Fish and Game. 99 (4): 193–221. Fall 2013. Retrieved 2015-01-30. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ U.S. Geological Survey (1912). Water Supply Paper. Government Printing Office. p. 155. Retrieved 2011-04-16.

See also

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